Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pristimantinae Ohler and Dubois, 2012

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae

698 species

Pristimantinae Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 580. Nomen nudum.

Pristimantinae Ohler and Dubois, 2012, Alytes, 28: 165. Type genus: Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, by original designation.

Pristimantina — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 145. Subtribe.

Pristimantinia — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 147. Infratribe.

Pristimantoa — Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 147. Hypotribe.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Honduras east through Central America and northern South America to northern Argentina, Bolivia, the Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada.

Comment

See comment under Brachycephaloidea for access to literature about the placement of this group. Goicoechea, De la Riva, and Padial, 2010, Zool. Scripta, 39: 141–154, discussed the role of call characteristics as possible evidence for phylogeny reconstruction in a sample of Yunganastes, Pristimantis, and Oreobates. Motta, Taucce, Haddad, and Canedo, 2021, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 59: 663–679, discussed the history of the taxonomy of the group and the seeming instability of the phylogenetic position of the family within Brachycephaloidea and suggested that recognizing several families (of which this Pristimantinae would constitute two, one composed of Pristimantis and Yunganastes and the other composed of Lynchius, Oreobates, and Phrynopus) within a single family would provide substantial stability for what appears to be an unstable part of the anuran tree. Portik, Streicher, and Wiens, 2023, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 188 (107907): 52, 67, recovered topological results congruent to those of Motta et al. (2021), although not citing this paper, finding Pristimantis + Yunganastes in one monophyletic group and Lynchius, Oreobates, and Phrynopus in the another, with Tachiramantis recovered (weakly) as a member of Craugastorinae, although they made no taxonomic change. They did not sample Serranobatrachus.

Contained taxa (698 sp.):

Lynchius Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008 (8 sp.)

Oreobates Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (26 sp.)

Phrynopus Peters, 1873 (37 sp.)

Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (608 sp.)

Serranobatrachus Arroyo, Targino, Rueda-Solano, Daza-R., and Grant, 2022 (7 sp.)

Tachiramantis Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós, and Hedges, 2015 (7 sp.)

Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007 (5 sp.)

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