Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bufo formosus Boulenger, 1883

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufo > Species: Bufo formosus

Bufo formosus Boulenger, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883: 140. Syntypes: BMNH (2 specimens), by original designation, these being BMNH 1882.7.14.27-28 (reregistered 1947.2.21.83-84) according to museum records. Type locality: "Yokohama", Japan. Synonymy by Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 60, and Slevin, 1937, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 23: 177. Junior secondary homonym of Bufo formosus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 646 (= Rhinella formosus [Tschudi, 1838]).

Bufo smithi Stejneger, 1907, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 58: 64. Holotype: USNM 31951, by original designation. Type locality: "Kochi, Province of Toza, Shikoku Island", Japan. Synonymy with Bufo formosus japonicus by Okada, 1931, Tailless Batr. Japan. Empire: 39; (with Bufo vulgaris) by Slevin, 1937, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 23: 177.

Bufo vulgaris yakushimensis Okada, 1928, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11: 269. Holotype: TIU 1983, lost by implication of Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 31. Type locality: "Yakushima in Kagoshima Prefecture", Japan. Synonymy by Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404.

Bufo japonicus formosus — Matsui, 1984, Contrib. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ., 26: 404. Distinctiveness from Bufo japonicus japonicus doubted by Kawamura, Nishioka, Sumida, and Ryuzaki, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 1-51.

Bufo (Bufo) japonicus formosus — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24.

Bufo formosus — Dufresnes and Litvinchuk, 2022, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 195: 700.

English Names

Eastern Japanese Common Toad (Bufo japonicus formosus: Maeda and Matsui, 1990, Frogs Toads Japan, Ed. 2: 19; Goris and Maeda, 2004, Guide Amph. Rept. Japan: 51).

Distribution

Extreme southern Hokkaido (introduced), eastern Honshu, Japan

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Japan

Endemic: Japan

Introduced: Japan

Comment

Prior to 2022, Bufo formosus was considered by most authors to be a synonym or subspecies of Bufo japonicus (now Bufo praetextatus). See comment under Bufo praetexatus for literature addressing this species as part that of that one. Fukutani, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2023, PeerJ, 11(e16302): 1–27, reported on hybrid zones between this lineage and Bufo praetextatus (as Bufo japonicus), noting a narrow hybrid zone in one area and broad zones in two others.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.