Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Phrynomantis Peters, 1867

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Microhylidae > Subfamily: Phrynomerinae > Genus: Phrynomantis

6 species

Brachymerus Smith, 1847, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., 3 (Part 26): pl. 63. Type species: Brachymerus bifasciatus Smith, 1847, by monotypy. Junior homonym of Brachymerus Hope, 1841.

Phrynomantis Peters, 1867, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867: 35. Replacement name for Brachymerus Smith, 1847.

Phrynomerus Noble, 1926, Am. Mus. Novit., 212: 20. Replacement name for Brachymerus Smith, 1847.

Fichteria Scortecci, 1941, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano, 80: 177. Type species: Fichteria somalica Scortecci, 1941, by monotypy. Synonymy by Laurent in Gans, Laurent, and Pandit, 1965, Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Cent., Tervuren, Ser. Octavo, Sci. Zool., 134: 23.

English Names

Rubber Frogs (Passmore and Carruthers, 1978, J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr., 19: 4; Passmore and Carruthers, 1979, S. Afr. Frogs: 106; Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 230; Channing and Howell, 2006, Amph. E. Afr.: 228; Du Preez and Carruthers, 2009, Compl. Guide Frogs S. Afr.: 281).

Red-marked Frogs (Van Dijk, 1978, J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr., 17: 15; Passmore and Carruthers, 1978, J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr., 19: 4).

Red-marked Short-headed Frogs (Van Dijk, 1978, J. Herpetol. Assoc. Afr., 17: 15).

Snake-necked Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 91).

Distribution

Subsaharan Africa.

Comment

See Dubois, 1988, Alytes, 7: 1-5, for nomenclatural discussion. See Cei, 1977, Bol. Soc. Port. Cienc. Nat., 17: 5-26, for keys to Angolan species. Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 230-236, and Du Preez and Carruthers, 2009, Compl. Guide Frogs S. Afr.: 281-289, for keys and accounts for species of southern Africa. Channing, Rödel, and Channing, 2012, Tadpoles of Africa: 251–257, provided information on comparative larval morphology. Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 108–111, provided brief accounts, photographs, and range maps for the species. Ceríaco, Santos, Marques, Bauer, and Tiutenko, 2021, Alytes, 38: 42, provided an identification key to the species.

Contained taxa (6 sp.):

Phrynomantis affinis Boulenger, 1901

Phrynomantis annectens Werner, 1910

Phrynomantis bifasciatus (Smith, 1847)

Phrynomantis microps Peters, 1875

Phrynomantis newtoni Ceríaco, Santos, Marques, Bauer, and Tiutenko, 2021

Phrynomantis somalicus (Scortecci, 1941)

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist