Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella scitula (Caramaschi and Niemeyer, 2003)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella scitula

Bufo levicristatus Boettger, 1885, Z. Naturwiss., Halle, 58: 246. Types: 3 specimens (presumably originally SMF), by original designation. These specimen lost according to Axel Kwet in Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 274. ZISP 1422 is a surviving syntype according to Milto, 2010, Russ. J. Herpetol., 17: 257-258. Type locality: "Paraguay, Amer. merid." Synonymy with Rhinella ornata by Milto, 2010, Russ. J. Herpetol., 17: 257-258; with Rhinella scitula by Pereyra, Milto, Brusquetti, Kolenc, and Baldo, 2021, Zootaxa, 5023: 121.

Bufo laevicristatus — Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 19. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Bufo scitulus Caramaschi and Niemeyer, 2003, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 501: 3. Holotype: MNRJ 25884, by original designation. Type locality: "BRASIL: MATO GROSSO DO SUL: Município de Bonito, Estância Mimosa (20°59′ S, 56° 31′ W, ca. 300 m de altitude)". Priority over Bufo levicristatus to be maintained under Article 23.9 of the ICZN, 1999, Internatl. Code Zool. Nomencl., Ed. 4.

Rhinella scitula — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

Rhinella paraguayensis Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010, Zootaxa, 2339: 58. Holotype: UFMT 7430, by original desgination. Type locality: "'Parque Nacional do Pantanal' (17º51′12″S; 57º24′39″W), Poconé municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil". Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 63.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Western drainage of the Paraguay River in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and in southeastern Paraguay near the border with Brazil, 100 to 700 m elevation; presumably to be found in adjacent eastern Bolivia.

Comment

In the Bufo margaritifer group according to the original publication. Maragno and Souza, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 216, provided the second record of the species and discussed the range. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 20–21, briefly discussed the range in Paraguay. Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010, Zootaxa, 2339: 58, provided a dot-map of the range and described external morphology and advertisement call (as Rhinella paraguayensis). Jansen, Bloch, Schulze, and Pfenninger, 2011, Zool. Scripta, 40: 567–583, implied that records of Rhinella margaritifer from Bolivia likely apply to Rhinella paraguayensis or a close cryptic relative. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 45, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. Sugai, Souza, Landgref, and Sczesny-Moraes, 2014, Check List, 10: 694–696, provided a number of new records and mapped the range. In the Rhinella margaritifera clade, Rhinella margaritifera group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Pereyra, Milto, Brusquetti, Kolenc, and Baldo, 2021, Zootaxa, 5023: 121–130, addressed the status of Bufo levicristatus and removed it from the synonymy of Rhinella ornata and placed it as a senior synonym of Rhinella scitulus. Sugai, Neves, Souza, and Santana, 2021, Cuad. Herpetol., 35: 5–11, reported on advertisement and release calls.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For additional sources of information from other sites search Google
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.