Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Amnirana Dubois, 1992

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ranidae > Genus: Amnirana

10 species

Amnirana Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 324. Type species: Rana amnicola Perret, 1977, by original designation. Proposed originally as a subgenus of Rana.

Amnirana — Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 266; Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 90: 186. Treatment as a genus.

English Names

White-lipped Frogs (Channing and Howell, 2006, Amph. E. Afr.: 255).

Distribution

Subsaharan Africa south to Namibia and Zimbabwe; Bali to Peninsular Thailand including Sumatra and Borneo (Malaysia, Indonesia), and Brunei); eastern India and the Nicobar Is.; Thailand.

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Hylarana by Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 90: 186, where it had been placed by Che, Pang, Zhao, Wu, Zhao, and Zhang, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 43: 3. See comment under Hylarana for access to relevant revisionary literature. Amnirana was previous recognized as a genus by Channing, 2001, Amph. Cent. S. Afr.: 266. Synonymies of African species of "Hylarana" (now Amnirana) provided by Perret, 1977, Rev. Suisse Zool., 84: 842-844. Rödel and Bangoura, 2004, Tropical Zool., 17: 201-232, provided a key to the species of West Africa (as Amnirana). Jongsma, Barej, Barratt, Burger, Conradie, Ernst, Greenbaum, Hirschfeld, Leaché, Penner, Portik, Zassi-Boulou, Rödel, and Blackburn, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 120: 274–285, reported on molecular phylogenetics and biogeography in sub-Saharan Africa. Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 386–395, provided brief accounts, photographs, and range maps for the species. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 423, found their exemplars of Amnirana (Amnirana galamensis, Amnirana albolabris, and Amnirana lepus) to form a monophyletic group. However, due to the general poor resolution of hylaranine genera, these authors placed Amnirana into the synonymy of Hylarana.

Contained taxa (10 sp.):

Amnirana albolabris (Hallowell, 1856)

Amnirana amnicola (Perret, 1977)

Amnirana asperrima (Perret, 1977)

Amnirana darlingi (Boulenger, 1902)

Amnirana fonensis Rödel and Bangoura, 2004

Amnirana galamensis (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)

Amnirana lemairei (De Witte, 1921)

Amnirana lepus (Andersson, 1903)

Amnirana occidentalis (Perret, 1960)

Amnirana parkeriana (Mertens, 1938)

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