Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Papurana Dubois, 1992

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ranidae > Genus: Papurana

19 species

Papurana Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 325. Type species: Rana papua Lesson, 1830, by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Rana.

Tylerana Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 329. Type species: Rana jimiensis Tyler, 1963, by original designation. Proposed as a subgenus of Rana. Günther, 2003, Mitt. Mus. Naturkd. Berlin, Zool., 79: 207, doubted the distinctiveness of this taxon from Papurana. Synonymy with Sylvirana by Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 248; with Papurana by Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 90: 188.

Papurana — Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 90: 188. Treatment as a genus.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

New Guinea; D’Entrecasteaux Islands; Sudest, Louisiade Islands; Aru Islands; New Hanover Island; New Britain; Yapen; Seram; Manus; Waigeo; Solomon Islands; New Ireland; Cape York Peninsula, northeastern Queensland, Australia; and northeastern border of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory, Australia; montane central and southern Vietnam (Gia Lai, Quang Nam, Thue Thien-Hue, Quang Binh, Da Nang, and Kon Tum provinces); peninsular Myanmar; Annamite Mountains in Laos; hilly eastern Cambodia, 700-1200 m elevation.

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Hylarana by Oliver, Prendini, Kraus, and Raxworthy, 2015, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 90: 190 (who considered it the sister taxon of Hydrophylax), where it had been placed by Che, Pang, Zhao, Wu, Zhao, and Zhang, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 43: 3. See comment under Hylarana for access to relevant revisionary literature. Donnellan, Aplin, and Bertozzi, 2010, Zootaxa, 2496: 49-62, reported on phylogenetics of the New Guinean species, and noted that Papurana is paraphyletic with respect to Tylerana. Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021, Megataxa, 5: 423, recovered Papurana as polyphyletic in two clades, one (Papurana daemeli, Papurana papua, Papua arfaki, and Papurana jimiensis) forming the weakly resolved sister taxon of Hydrophylax leptoglossa, and another (Papurana milleti and Papurana attigua) forming the weakly resolved sister taxon of another group of Hydrophylax. Whether this is due of alignment issues (DRF's guess) or that previous work has gotten everything terribly wrong, is unclear. Regardless, these authors placed Papurana into the synonymy of Hylarana. Reilly, Arifin, Stubbs, Karin, Kaiser, Frederick, Arida, Iskandar, and McGuire, 2022, Zootaxa, 5150: 591–599, treated Papurana as a subgenus of Hylarana without comment on its monophyly in their mtDNA study of the phylogenetics of the populations in the Lesser Sundas.

Contained taxa (19 sp.):

Papurana arfaki (Meyer, 1875)

Papurana attigua (Inger, Orlov, and Darevsky, 1999)

Papurana aurata (Günther, 2003)

Papurana celebensis (Peters, 1872)

Papurana daemeli (Steindachner, 1868)

Papurana elberti (Roux, 1911)

Papurana florensis (Boulenger, 1897)

Papurana garritor (Menzies, 1987)

Papurana grisea (Van Kampen, 1913)

Papurana jimiensis (Tyler, 1963)

Papurana kreffti (Boulenger, 1882)

Papurana milleti (Smith, 1921)

Papurana milneana (Loveridge, 1948)

Papurana moluccana (Boettger, 1895)

Papurana novaeguineae (Van Kampen, 1909)

Papurana papua (Lesson, 1829)

Papurana supragrisea (Menzies, 1987)

Papurana volkerjane (Günther, 2003)

Papurana waliesa (Kraus and Allison, 2007)

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