Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pelophylax bergeri (Günther, 1986)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ranidae > Genus: Pelophylax > Species: Pelophylax bergeri

Rana hispanica Bonaparte, 1839, Iconograph. Fauna Ital., 2 (Fasc. 24): pl. 81 (description by indication). Holotype: Specimen figured in pl. 81, fig. 5 of the original publication according to Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 157. Type locality: Not stated; restricted to Sicily, Italy, by Mertens and Wermuth, 1960, Amph. Rept. Europas: 55, this restriction supported by discussion in Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 158. Based on a hybridogen of Pelophylax bergeri x Pelophylax ridibundus according to XXX. Crochet and Dubois, 2004, In Gasc et al. (eds)., Atlas Amph. Rept. Europe, Ed. 2: 499, that because the type specimen is lost that the assignment of this name could be either to the hybridogenetic (hybrid) population or to what is currently called Pelophylax lessonae bergeri.

Rana fluviatilis Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 443. Types: Not stated; Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 159, suggested designating a neotype of this species that is a specimen of Rana hispanica, which Bonaparte thought might actually apply to this form. Type locality: Not designated; given as Rivers of Lombardia, Italy, by XXX. Synonymy by Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 158. Based on a hybridogen of Rana bergeri x Rana ridibunda according to Crochet and Dubois, 2004, In Gasc et al. (eds)., Atlas Amph. Rept. Europe, Ed. 2: 499.

Rana lessonae bergeri Günther In Engelmann, Fritzsche, Günther, and Obst, 1986, Lurche Kriechtiere Eur.: 180. Type(s): Not stated; male figured in original description designated lectotype by Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 177. Type locality: Not stated; designated as "Region of Roma (41° 54′ N, 12° 29′ E, Lazio, Italy" by Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 177.

Rana (Pelophylax) bergeri — Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 177.

Rana (Pelophylax) kl. hispanica — Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 157.

Rana lessonae bergeri — Crochet and Dubois, 2004, In Gasc et al. (eds)., Atlas Amph. Rept. Europe, Ed. 2: 499.

Hylarana bergeri — Chen, Murphy, Lathrop, Ngo, Orlov, Ho, and Somorjai, 2005, Herpetol. J., 15: 237, by implication.

Pelophylax bergeri — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 369; Che, Pang, Zhao, Wu, Zhao, and Zhang, 2007, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 43: 1-13; by implication.

English Names

Italian Pool Frog (Pelophylax lessonae bergeri: Arnold, 2002, Rept. Amph. Eur., Ed. 2: 94).

Italian hybrid Frog (Rana kl. hispanica [hybridogen of Rana bergeri x Rana ridibunda]: XXX).

Italian Edible Frog (Pelophylax hispanicus [hybridogen of Pelophylax bergeri x Pelophylax ridibundus]: Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 114).

Distribution

Italy south of the Po Valley, including Sicily.

Comment

Arnold, 2002, Rept. Amph. Eur., Ed. 2: 94, provided a brief account, figure, and map (as Rana bergeri). The hybridogen now called Pelophylax kl. hispanicus was noted by Uzzell and Hotz, 1979, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 55: 15, as a distinct hybridogenetic population. Hispanicus was removed from the synonymy of Pelophylax perezi by Dubois and Ohler, 1996 "1994", Zool. Polon., 39: 157, where it had been placed by XXX. While noting that it may still be found to be a junior synonym of Rana lessonae, Dubois and Ohler attached the name Rana hispanica to the hybridogenetic population formerly known as the "southern hybrid" by Uzzell and Hotz, 1979, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 55: 15. Records for this species from Corsica are based on specimens of Rana bergeri (J. Speybroeck, personal commun.). Crochet and Dubois, 2004, In Gasc et al. (eds)., Atlas Amph. Rept. Europe, Ed. 2: 499, discussed the recent literature of this species and suggested the bergeri be treated as a subspecies of Pelophylax lessonae and this seems to have enjoyed widespread acceptance in Europe (and is accepted here) although it requires application of the reproductive species concept rather than a lineage-based one. See discussion of this species and the hybridogenetic system Pelophylax kl. hispanicus in Italy by Capula, Sacchi, and Razzetti, 2007, in Lanza et al. (eds.), Fauna d'Italia, 42 (Amph.): 381-386. Canestrelli and Nascetti, 2008, J. Biogeograph., 35: 1923–1936, reported on phylogeography in the Italian peninsula and Sicily and regarded this lineage as a subspecies of Pelophylax lessonae. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 101, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph. On p. 101, he provided an account of the hybridogenetic associate Pelophylax kl. esculentus (Pelophylax lessonae x Pelophylax ridibundus)

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