Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Hemiphractinae Peters, 1862

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hemiphractidae > Subfamily: Hemiphractinae

110 species

Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862: 146. Type genus: Hemiphractus Wagler, 1828.

Hemiphractina — Mivart, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869: 294.

Amphignathodontidae Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 449. Type genus: Amphignathodon Boulenger, 1882. Synonymy with Hemiphractidae by Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 508-509; and Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Ayarzagüena, Trueb, and Vilà, 2008, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 48: 577.

Amphignathodontinae — Gadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139; Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 716.

Hemiphractinae — Gadow, 1901, Amphibia and Reptiles: 139, 210; Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14: 719.

Hemignathodontinae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 106. Type genus: Not designated, but including Coelonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, Fritzia Miranda-Ribeiro, Gastrotheca Fitzinger, Opisthodelphis Günther. Unavailable family-group name for reason of not being formulated on a generic name.

Hemiphractidae — Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 18.

Gastrothecinae Noble, 1927, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 30: 93. Type genus: Gastrotheca Fitzinger, 1843. Synonymy with Hemiphractidae by Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 508-509.

Opisthodelphyinae Lutz, 1968, Pearce-Sellards Ser., 11: 13. Type genus: Opisthodelphys Günther, 1859 "1858". Synonymy with Amphignathodontinae by implication by Duellman, 1970, Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas: 18.

Hemiphractinae — Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, De la Riva, Pombal, Silva, Rojas-Runjaic, Medina-Méndez, and Frost, 2015, Zootaxa, 4004: 23.

Distribution

Costa Rica and Panama, northern (excluding Surinam) and western South American southward to northern Argentina and eastern and southeastern Brazil.

Comment

The sister taxon of Cryptobatrachinae according to Castroviejo-Fisher, Padial, De la Riva, Pombal, Silva, Rojas-Runjaic, Medina-Méndez, and Frost, 2015, Zootaxa, 4004: 1–75, who provided a phylogenetic analysis of the group.

Contained taxa (110 sp.):

Fritziana Mello-Leitão, 1937 (7 sp.)

Gastrotheca Fitzinger, 1843 (75 sp.)

Hemiphractus Wagler, 1828 (9 sp.)

Stefania Rivero, 1968 (19 sp.)

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