Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Limnomedusa Fitzinger, 1843

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Alsodidae > Genus: Limnomedusa

1 species

Limnomedusa Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 31. Type species: Cystignathus macroglossus Duméril and Bibron, 1841, by original designation.

Litopleura Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: 82. Type species: Litopleura maritimum Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, by monotypy. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 250.

Common Names

Rapids Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 82).

Distribution

Southern Brazil (Paraná to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, northeastern Argentina and northern Paraguay.

Comment

Placed in the tribe Telmatobiini by Lavilla, 1988, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 124: 12, but the opinion of Laurent, 1986, in Grassé and Delsol (eds.), Traite de Zool., 14, of placement in Leptodactylinae was accepted by Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 87. See also Lynch, 1978, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 72: 39, for comment on subfamily placement. Reviewed by Barrio, 1971, Physis, Buenos Aires, 30: 667–672. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 210, placed Limnomedusa in Alsodinae. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed this arrangment and considered Limnomedusa the sister taxon of remaining alsodids. Blotto, Nuñez, Úbeda, Wheeler, and Faivovich, 2013, Cladistics, 29: 113–131, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of Alsodidae, and did not recover Limnomedusa as being particularly near the Eupsophus–Alsodes clade, but rather closer to Cycloramphus (Cycloramphidae), although their analysis was not designed to test this proposition. Regardless, this result suggested that the inclusion of Limnomedusa within Alsodidae is provisional and deserves substantially more testing. Sabbag, Lyra, Zamudio, Haddad, Feio, Leite, Gasparini, and Brasileiro, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 122: 142–156, reported on molecular phylogenetics suggested that Limnomedusa is the sister taxon of Odontophrynidae, but did not make the taxonomic change.

Contained taxa (1 sp.):

Limnomedusa macroglossa (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)

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