Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ischnocnema lactea (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Brachycephalidae > Genus: Ischnocnema > Species: Ischnocnema lactea

Basanitia lactea Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923, Rev. Mus. Paulista, São Paulo, 13: 851. Syntypes: MZUSP 504, 828; MZUSP 828 designated lectotype by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 15, who suggested that the paralectotype represents another species. Type locality: "Iguape, S. Paulo" and "Campo Grande", São Paulo, Brazil; restricted to "Iguape, São Paulo", Brazil, by lectotype designation. Discussed and corrected to "the area surrounding the Padre Dória road, in the Juqueriquerê River basin (coordinates 23°38′32.43″S, 45°41′39.20″W, datum = WGS84; altitude 1,010 m a.s.l.), Municipality of Caraguatatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil" by Silva-Soares, Malagoli, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2018, Zootaxa, 4444: 140.

Eleutherodactylus lacteus — Lynch, 1968, Copeia, 1968: 875–876.

Eleutherodactylus lactea — Harding, 1983, Cat. New World Amph.: 164. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) lacteus — Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 226.

Ischnocnema lactea — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: 15; Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 27.

Common Names

Iguape Robber Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 76).

Distribution

Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) binotatus series, Eleutherodactylus lacteus group of Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 226. See Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 50, for account. In the Ischnocnema lactea species series of Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 27, Canedo and Haddad, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 619, Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 122, and Taucce, Canedo, Parreiras, Drummond, Nogueira-Costa, and Haddad, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 128: 123–146 (who noted a closely related unnamed species). Cruz, Feio, and Caramaschi, 2009, Anf. Ibitipoca: 56–57, provided photographs and a brief account for Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Silva-Soares, Malagoli, Cruz, and Caramaschi, 2018, Zootaxa, 4444: 137–153, reported on natural history and systematics of the species. Thomé, Lyra, Lemes, Teixeira, Carnaval, Haddad, and Canedo, 2020, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 149 (106813): 1–13, discussed the molecular phylogenetics of the Ischnocnema lactea/Ischnocnema holti complex, suggesting that seven lineages are involved, of which only the lineages at the type localities bear the current names. Nevertheless, the authors hesitated to make any taxonomic recommendations.

External links:

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For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.