Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ischnocnema verrucosa (Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Brachycephalidae > Genus: Ischnocnema > Species: Ischnocnema verrucosa

Leiuperus verrucosus Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 "1861", Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 3: 171. Holotype: ZMUC 51 according to J.D. Lynch In Frost, 1985, Amph. Species World: 334; holotype is now ZMUC 1180 according to museum records (H. Kristensen, personal commun., 24 Nov. 2010). Type locality: "Byen [= city] Juiz de Fora i Minas Geraes (altsaa fra Urskovsregionen)", Brazil.

Ischnocnema verrucosa — Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862 "1861", Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., Ser. 2, 3: 239; Lynch and Schwartz, 1971, J. Herpetol., 5: 109; Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: Table 2; Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 29.

Paludicola verrucosa — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 236.

Pleurodema verrucosa — Parker, 1927, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, 20: 476.

Eupsophus verrucosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 8: 66–69. Holotype: MNRJ, not located by Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 411. Type locality: "Rio Mutum [Coluna—Esprito Santo", Brazil. Given as "rio Mutum, Colatina, Espiritu Santo", Brazil by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 40. Synonymy by Lynch, 1972, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 71: 9.

Eupsophus versus Gorham, 1966, Das Tierreich, 85: 120. Replacement name for Eupsophus verrucosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, thought to be preoccupied.

Eleutherodactylus verrucosus — Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 40. (New combination for Eupsophus verrucosus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937).

Eleutherodactylus verrucosus — Caramaschi and Canedo, 2006, Zootaxa, 1116: 48.

Common Names

Brazilian Big-headed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 81).

Distribution

Known only from the type locality in Minas Gerais, two localities in Espíritu Santo, and 3 localities in the municipalities of Camacan, Jequié, and Amargosa, state of Bahia, Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

See Lynch, 1972, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 71: 8–10, for discussion of nomenclatural confusion and redescription of the holotype. In the Ischnocnema verrucosa species series of Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 29, Canedo and Haddad, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 619, Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 122, and Taucce, Canedo, Parreiras, Drummond, Nogueira-Costa, and Haddad, 2018, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 128: 123–146. Orrico, 2010, Check List, 6: 246–247, provided the record from Bahia, and discussed the range. Freitas, Souza, and Fonseca, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 385, provided a record for the Municipality of Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil, and discussed the range. Bastos and Zina, 2022, Herpetol. Notes, 15: 365–376, reported the species from Jequié municipality, Bahia, Brazil, and briefly discussed its habitat and conservation status.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.