Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Atelopus spumarius Cope, 1871

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Atelopus > Species: Atelopus spumarius

Atelopus spumarius Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 23: 222. Syntypes: ANSP (2 specimens), lost according to Lescure, 1981, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 3: 894, who designated MNHNP 1979.8382 neotype. Type locality: "Ambyiacu R[iver]."; rendered as Ampiyacu River, Pebas, Departamento Loreto, Peru, by Lescure, 1981, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Sect. A, Zool., 3: 894; rendered as "Iquitos, Peru" by Jorge, Ferrão, and Lima, 2020, Diversity, 12 (310): 2. Neotype from "Colonia, bassin de la rivière Ampiyacu (Depto. Loreto), Pérou".

Atelopus spumarius spumarius — Rivero, 1968, Caribb. J. Sci., 8: 23.

English Names

Pebas Stubfoot Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).

Distribution

Amazonian lowlands and foothills of Ecuador (provinces of Morona-Santiago, Napo, Sucumbíos and Orellana, 250 to 1000 m elevation) and eastern Peru (Loreto), and into extreme southeastern Colombia in the vicinity of Leticia; likely to be found in adjacent Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Likely/Controversially Present: Brazil

Comment

In the Atelopus flavescens group. Duellman and Lynch, 1969, Herpetologica, 25: 231–240, described the tadpole. Cocroft, McDiarmid, Jaslow, and Ruiz-Carranza, 1990, Copeia, 1990: 638, discussed the call and suggested that Atelopus spumarius was a species complex. Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 22: 12, provided a brief account. Cocroft, McDiarmid, Jaslow, and Ruiz-Carranza, 1990, Copeia, 1990: 631–643, discussed the call. See discussion by Lötters, 1996, Neotrop. Toad Genus Atelopus: 47. Lötters, Haas, Schick, and Böhme, 2002, Salamandra, 388: 168, regarded Atelopus spumarius as a species complex, removed Atelopus pulcher from its synonymy, and noted that Atelopus spumarius sensu stricto is likely restricted to the upper Amazon Basin of eastern Peru, southeastern Colombia, and Ecuador. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 176. Lötters, Schulte, and Haddad, 2005, in Rueda-Almonacid et al. (eds.), Ranas Arlequines: 126, provided a brief account, photograph, and map (but at which time the concept of this species included what is now Atelopus manauensis). Records of this nominal species from the Guianas and adjacent Brazil are now referred to Atelopus hoogmoedi. Lescure, 1981, Amphibia-Reptilia, 2: 209–215, provided information on call. See comment under Atelopus manauensis. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, regarded records of Atelopus spumarius from Amapá, Brazil, as based on misidentifications of Atelopus hoogmoedi.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.