Bufotes surdus (Boulenger, 1891)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufotes > Species: Bufotes surdus

Bufo persicus Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 40. Name coined in synonymy of Bufo viridis and attributed to Fitzinger. Presumably in this synonymy although this is far from clear. See comment by Dufresnes, Mazepa, Jablonski, Oliveira, Wenseleers, Shabanov, Auer, Ernst, Koch, Ramírez-Chaves, Mulder, Simonovo, Tiutenko, Kryvokhyzhar, Wennekes, Zinenko, Korshunov, Al-Johany, Peregontsev, Masroor, Betto-Colliard, Denoël, Borkin, Skorinov, Pasynkova, Mazanaeva, Rosanov, Dubey, and Litvinchuk, 2019, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 141: 22.

Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 7: 282. Holotype: "purchased"; BMNH 1947.2.21.20 (formerly 1890.12.17.1), according to Inger, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 61. Type locality: "Baluchistan", Pakistan. See Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 264, for brief discussion of type (pictured) and type locality.

Bufo viridis var. persica Nikolskii, 1900 "1899", Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 4: 406. Syntypes: ZISP 2056–59; ZISP 2058.3 designated lectotype by Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265. Type localities: "Urbs Bazman", "Flum. Tamin in Sargardo", "Duz-Ab in Kirmano orient.", "Ziaret in Sargado" [translated], Iran. Restricted to Duz-Ab in E-Kirmano, about 28° N, 58° E, by lectotype designation. Primary homonym of "Bufo persicus Fitz." in Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 40 (a nomen dubium according to Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265). Synonymy by Zarevskij, 1926 "1925", Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Leningrad, 26: 78; Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5; and Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 265.

Bufo persicus Nikolskii, 1904, Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg, 8: 97. Syntypes: ZISP 2263.1–3. Type locality: “Sarbaz, Rud-e-Sarbaz River, Eastern Persia” [Rud-e-Sarbaz River, Sarbaz, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran, 26.63 N 61.26 E]." Ananjeva, Milto, Barabanov, and Golynsky, 2020, Zootaxa, 4722: 110. 

Bufo surdus surdusSchmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 118; Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 269.

Bufo surdus annulatus Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 118. Holotype: ZSM 4/1968, by original designation. Type locality: "5 km nördlich Mehkuh, 1400 m ü. M. (70 km südlich Schiras), auf dem nördlichen Fahrtweg zur Strasse Schiras—Firuzabad", Prov. Fars, Iran. Distinctiveness from Bufo surdus surdus doubted by Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: : 269.

Pseudepidalea surdaFrost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365.

Bufo (Pseudepidalea) surda surdaRastegar-Pouyani, Kami, Rajabizadeh, Shafiei Bafti, and Anderson, 2008, Iranian J. Anim. Biosyst., 4: 44.

Bufo (Pseudepidalea) surda annulataRastegar-Pouyani, Kami, Rajabizadeh, Shafiei Bafti, and Anderson, 2008, Iranian J. Anim. Biosyst., 4: 44.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdusDubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdus annulatusDubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufo (Bufotes) surdus surdusDubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 25. See comment under Bufotes record.

Bufotes surdus — Borkin and Litvinchuk, 2013, Trudy Zool. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, 317: 512. 

Calliopersa surdaSafaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020, Compl. Guide Amph. Iran: 4. 

Calliopersa surda annulata — Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020, Compl. Guide Amph. Iran: 4. 

Bufotes (Calliopersa) surdus — Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 18.

Bufotes (Calliopersa) surdus annulatus — Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 19.

Common Names

Pakistan Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Luristan Toad (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 41).

Iranian Toad (Khan, 2002, Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc., 37: 159).

Iranian Earless Toad (Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 263). 

Ring-spotted Earless Toad (Bufotes surdus annulatusSafaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 262). 

Earless Persian Melodious Toad (Bufotes surdusSafaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 19). 

Annulated Persian Melodious Toad (Bufotes surda annulataSafaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 19). 

Distribution

Mountains of southern Iran (Bushehr, Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman, and Sistan va Baluchistan provinces) and western and northern Pakistan (western Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and vicinity of Quetta); record from Iraq requires confirmation; expected in southern Afghanistan.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Iran, Pakistan

Likely/Controversially Present: Afghanistan, Iraq

Comment

In the Bufo viridis group of Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107, and in the Bufo surdus subgroup of Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 262. See Schmidtler and Schmidtler, 1969, Salamandra, 5: 113–123, and Eiselt and Schmidtler, 1973, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 77: 188, for taxonomy, distribution, and ecology. Stöck, Frynta, Grosse, Steinlein, and Schmid, 2001, Asiat. Herpetol. Res., 9: 83, noted that two Bufo viridis complex toads occur in the Zagros Mountains, one being referable to Bufo surdus luristanicus (now Bufotes luristanicus) and the other to Bufo viridis subspecies (now Bufotes surdus) and noted that the ploidy level of the three nominal subspecies of Bufo surdus are unknown. Stöck, Günther, and Böhme, 2001, Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden, 51: 267–269, provided a brief taxonomic account. Baloutch and Kami, 1995, Amph. Iran: 135–137, provided an account (as Bufo surdus) for Iran. Khan, 2006, Amph. Rept. Pakistan: 50–51, provided a brief account for Pakistan. Fakharzadeh, Darvish, Kami, Ghasemzadeh, and Rastegar-Pouyani, 2014, Asian Herpetol. Res., 5: 168–178, reported on karyology of the Bufotes viridis complex in the southern part of Iran, showing karyotypic differences between Bufotes luristanicus, Bufotes surdus, and Bufotes variabilis (now Bufotes sitibundus). Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, Fahimi, Broomand, Yazdanian, Najafi-Majd, Hosseinian Yousefkani, Rezazadeh, Hosseinzadeh, Nasrabadi, Mashayekhi, Motesharei, Naderi, and Kazemi, 2015, Asian Herpetol. Res., 6: 257–290, reported on distribution and conservation status in Iran. Dufresnes, Mazepa, Jablonski, Oliveira, Wenseleers, Shabanov, Auer, Ernst, Koch, Ramírez-Chaves, Mulder, Simonovo, Tiutenko, Kryvokhyzhar, Wennekes, Zinenko, Korshunov, Al-Johany, Peregontsev, Masroor, Betto-Colliard, Denoël, Borkin, Skorinov, Pasynkova, Mazanaeva, Rosanov, Dubey, and Litvinchuk, 2019, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 141: 1–25, summarized the phylogenetics and biogeography of this diploid species. Rais, Ahmed, Sajjad, Akram, Saeed, Hamid, and Abid, 2021, ZooKeys, 1062: 157–175, included this species in an identification key to the amphibian species of Pakistan as well as providing a photograph. Safaei-Mahroo, Ghaffari, and Niamir, 2023, Zootaxa, 5279: 1–112, provided for Iran an identification key including this species (and subspecies), photographs, habitat, conservation threats and Red List recommendation, a review of the literature, as well as dot and modeled distribution maps. Reported fromthe vicinity of Dir and Chitral, northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan by Majid, Azim, Nawaz, and Ud Din, 2023, Asian J. Res. Zool., 6: 56. Hosseinian Yousefkani, Shafiei Bafti, Rezazadeh Mashizi, and Moeinadini, 2024, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 20(e242501): 85–89, discussed the possible effects of climate change on the range in Iran and provided a current dot map for that country.   

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