Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Melanophryniscus atroluteus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Melanophryniscus > Species: Melanophryniscus atroluteus

Atelopus atro-luteus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, Rev. Mus. Paulista, São Paulo, 12: 309. Syntypes: MZUSP 814 and 55577, according to Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 175. Type locality: "Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Itaqui [= Itagui])", Brazil.

Melanophryniscus stelzneri atroluteus — Gallardo, 1961, 1° Reunion Trab. Comun. Cienc. Nat. Geograf., Univ. Nac. Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina: 208.

Melanophryniscus atroluteus — Cei, 1968, Biologie de l'Amerique Australe, 4: 208; Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 175.

Common Names

Uruguay Redbelly Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44).

Distribution

In the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Lavalleja, Paysandú, Salto, and Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; Provinces of Entre Rios, Misiones, and Corrientes, northeastern Argentina, as well as in northeastern and western Rio Grande do Sul and presumably southern Santa Catarina, Brazil; southern Paraguay.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

Comment

In the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group of Cruz and Caramaschi, 2003, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 500: 1–11. Removed from the synonymy of Melanophryniscus stelzneri by Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 175, where it had been placed by Gallardo, 1961, 1° Reunion Trab. Comun. Cienc. Nat. Geograf., Univ. Nac. Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina: 209, and Braun and Braun, 1979, Iheringia, Zool., 54: 7–17. See Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 33–34, for summary of recent literature and confusion with Melanophryniscus montevidensis. Kwet and Miranda, 2001, Herpetofauna, Weinstadt, 23: 19–27, provided an account and discussion of distribution and ecology. Langone, 1995 "1994", Mus. Damaso Antonio Larrañaga, Ser. Divulg. 5: 28–29, and Achaval and Olmos, 2003, Anf. Rept. Uruguay, ed. 2: 14, provided for the Uruguayan population a brief account. Baldo and Basso, 2004, J. Herpetol., 38: 393–403, reported on the advertisement call. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 20, briefly discussed the range in Paraguay. Maneyro and Kwet, 2008, Stuttgart. Beit. Naturkd., Ser. A, Neue Ser., 1: 95–121, provided comments on taxonomy, implying the possibility that Melanophryniscus atroluteus and Melanophryniscus montevidensis might be conspecific. Céspedez and Motte, 2007, FACENA, 23: 31–42, mapped the distribution in Paraguay. Baldo, Maneyro, and Laufer, 2010, Zootaxa, 2615: 66–68, reported on larval morphology. Kwet, Maneyro, Zillikens, and Mebs, 2005, Salamandra, 41: 1–18, reported on the advertisement call. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 32, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. Baldo, Vera Candioti, Haad, Kolenc, Borteiro, Pereyra, Zank, Colombo, Bornschein, Sisa, Brusquetti, Conte, Nogueira-Costa, Almeida-Santos, and Pie, 2014, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 112: 417–441, reported on larval morphology. Zank, Becker, Abadie, Baldo, and Maneyro, 2014, PLoS One, E 9(4: e94625): 1–11, provided modeled distribution maps for the species under climate change. Moser, Farina, Borges-Martins, Machado, Colombo, and Tozetti, 2021, Neotrop. Biol. Conserv., 16: 443, noted that earlier records of Melanophryniscus atroluteus from the municipality of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, actually apply to Melanophryniscus dorsalis. See Langone and Lavilla, 2024, Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 13: 4–5, for summary of literature including misidentifications.

External links:

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.