Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Melanophryniscus > Species: Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus

Atelopus pachyrhynus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, Rev. Mus. Paulista, São Paulo, 12: 309. Syntypes: MZUSP (2 specimens); MZUSP 756 designated lectotype by Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 304. Type locality: "São Lourenço, S. Paulo", Brazil. Corrected to "São Lourenço no Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil, by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 14. Given as "Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, São Lourenço do Sul (31° 22′ S, 51° 59′ W)" by Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 303.

Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai Prigioni and Langone, 1987 "1986", Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 11: 2. Holotype: MHNM 5476, by original designation. Type locality: "Cerro de Animas (34° 46′S, 53° 19′ W), 500 metros al NO. [noroeste] del Mirador Nacional, Departamento de Maldonado, Uruguay". Synonymy by Baldo, Borteiro, Kolenc, Rosset, Prigioni, and Martínez-Debat, 2012, Zootaxa, 3235: 45-61.

Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus — Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 303.

Common Names

Orejas-Miranda Redbelly Toad ([No longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44).

Distribution

Known from São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Cuchilla de Mangrullo, Departamento de Cerro Largo and Sierra de Animals, Departamento de Maldonado, Uruguay.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Uruguay

Comment

In the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group of Cruz and Caramaschi, 2003, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 500: 1-11. Removed from the synonymy of Melanophryniscus tumifrons by Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 303-314, where it had been placed by Müller, 1934, Zool. Anz., 108: 153; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 212. Borteiro, Kolenc, Tedros, and Gutierrez, 2005, Herpetol. Rev., 36: 199-200, provided the Uruguay record. Maneyro and Kwet, 2008, Stuttgart. Beit. Naturkd., Ser. A, Neue Ser., 1: 95-121, briefly discussed the geographic range, conservation status, and natural history, as well as commenting on the taxonomic history. Achaval and Olmos, 2003, Anf. Rept. Uruguay, ed. 2: 17, provided for nominal Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai a brief account and photograph. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status, as Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai, in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 196. Caldart, Santos, and Maneyro, 2013, Acta Herpetol., Firenze, 8: 115–122, reported on the advertisement and release calls. Zank, Becker, Abadie, Baldo, and Maneyro, 2014, PLoS One, E 9(4: e94625): 1–11, provided modeled distribution maps for the species under climate change. See account by Maneyro, Langone, and Carreira, 2019, in Maneyro, Langone, and Carreira (eds.), Libro Rojo Anf. Rept. Uruguay: 41–46, for Uruguay.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.