Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Melanophryniscus simplex Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Melanophryniscus > Species: Melanophryniscus simplex

Melanophryniscus simplex Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 311. Holotype: MZUSP 35599, by original designation. Type locality: "BRAZIL, SANTA CATARINA, Boca da Serra, near Bom Jardim do Sul, Municipality of São Joaquim (28° 20′ S, 49° 38′ W)".

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Known only the type locality (Municipality of São Joaquim, 28° 20′ S, 49° 38′ W, Santa Catarina) and Aratinga, municipality of São Francisco de Paula, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group according to the original publication. Colombo, Zank, Schmidt, Gonçalves, and Marinho, 2007, Check List, 3: 305-307, provided a record from Rio Grando do Sul, Brazil, on the South Brazilian Highlands. Baldo, Vera Candioti, Haad, Kolenc, Borteiro, Pereyra, Zank, Colombo, Bornschein, Sisa, Brusquetti, Conte, Nogueira-Costa, Almeida-Santos, and Pie, 2014, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 112: 417–441, reported on larval morphology. Zank, Becker, Abadie, Baldo, and Maneyro, 2014, PLoS One, E 9(4: e94625): 1–11, provided modeled distribution maps for the species under climate change. Langone and Lavilla, 2024, Comun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 13: 37–38, summarized the literature of the species, including misidentifications. Calixto, Crivellari, Pereira, and Moura, 2025, Biodivers. Conserv., 34: 665–684, discussed models of range and climatic determinants that suggest drastic reduction of range expected due to climate change for this species in the next 25 to 50 years.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist