Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Melanophryniscus tumifrons (Boulenger, 1905)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Melanophryniscus > Species: Melanophryniscus tumifrons

Atelopus tumifrons Boulenger, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 16: 181. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.1461 (formerly 1902.12.8.5), according to Hoogmoed, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 69; and Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 306. Type locality: "Pernambuco", Brazil; Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 15, doubted the type locality and supposed the type came from "Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil; this reassignment of type locality supported by Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 308.

Dendrophryniscus tumifrons — Müller, 1934, Zool. Anz., 108: 153.

Melanophryniscus tumifrons — Gallardo, 1961, 1° Reunion Trab. Comun. Cienc. Nat. Geograf., Univ. Nac. Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina: 210.

Common Names

Swelling Redbelly Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 44).

Distribution

Rio Grando do Sul and Paraná, Brazil.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Melanophryniscus tumifrons group of Cruz and Caramaschi, 2003, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 500: 1-11. See account by Caramaschi and Cruz, 2002, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 60: 303-314, where species limits were redefined. Populations in Argentina formerly assigned to this species are now assigned to Melanophryniscus krauczuki. Zank, Becker, Abadie, Baldo, and Maneyro, 2014, PLoS One, E 9(4: e94625): 1–11, provided modeled distribution maps for the species under climate change. Reports of Melanophryniscus tumifrons from the municipalities of Campo Bom, Gravataí, Novo Hamburgo, Parobé, Santo Antônio da Patrulha and São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, may be of ant unnamed species of Melanophryniscus (Baldo et al. 2014Baldo, Vera Candioti, Haad, Kolenc, Borteiro, Pereyra, Zank, Colombo, Bornschein, Sisa, Brusquetti, Conte, Nogueira-Costa, Almeida-Santos, and Pie, 2014, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 112., and Moser, Farina, Borges-Martins, Machado, Colombo, and Tozetti, 2021, Neotrop. Biol. Conserv., 16: 443.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.