Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst, 1829)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Phrynoidis > Species: Phrynoidis asper

Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829, Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratislav., 1: 58. Types: Not stated. Largest specimen of RMNH 2172 (4 specimens originally, paralectotypes now 10681) designated lectotype by Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66. M. Hoogmoed In Inger, 1985, In Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 36, doubted the validity of these specimens as Gravenhorst types, because Gravenhorst's specimens, although sent from the RMNH, are probably in the Breslau (= Vratislava) Museum. Nevertheless, Gassó Miracle, van den Hoek Ostende, and Arntzen, 2007, Zootaxa, 1482: 32, accepted RMNH 10681 as the lectotype. Type locality: "Java", Indonesia.

Phrynoidis asper — Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842, Naturhistorisch. Bild. Thierr., 3: 166.

Phrynoidis asper — Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32, by implication.

Phrynoides asper — Fitzinger, 1864, Bilder Altas Wissenschaftl. Naturgesch. Amph.: pl. 90, fig. 153. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Cyclogaster borneensis Steindachner, 1867, Reise Österreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool., Amph.: 44. Nomen nudum proposed as a junior synonym of Bufo asper and attributed to Fitzinger.

Nectes obscurus Barbour, 1904, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 51. Holotype: MCZ 2396, by original designation; Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 307, reported two syntypes under this number. Type locality: "Sarawak, Borneo [Malaysia]". Provisional synonymy by Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 177; synonymy by Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66.

Bufo obscurus — Barbour, 1912, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 44: 75.

Pseudobufo obscurus — Nieden, 1914, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde Berlin, 1914: 370.

Bufo verrucigerus Mertens, 1924, Senckenb. Biol., 6: 185. Holotype: SMF 1286.2a by original designation; renumbered SMF 3575 according to Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 40. Type locality: "angeblich Borneo". Synonymy by Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 40.

Bufo asper — Smith, 1931, Bull. Raffles Mus., 5: 30. Based on misidentified specimens of Bufo juxtasper according to Inger, 1964, Fieldiana, Zool., 44: 154.

Phrynoidis aspera — Fei, Ye, Huang, Jiang, and Xie, 2005, in Fei et al. (eds.), Illust. Key Chinese Amph.: 94, by implication; Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 365.

Phrynoidis asper — Schmidtler, 2013, Herpetozoa, Wien, 26 : 15.

English Names

Malayan Giant Toad (Kiew, 1987, Malayan Nat. J., 41: 417).

Java Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).

Rough Toad (Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45).

River Toad (Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45; Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 88; Das, Jankowski, Makmor, and Haas, 2007, Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 104: 148; Das, 2007, Amph. Rept. Brunei: 26; Grismer, 2012, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Seribuat Arch.: 44).

Giant Asiatic Toad (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71).

Barking Toad (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71).

Giant Asian Toad (Nguyen, Ho, and Nguyen, 2005, Checklist Amph. Rept. Vietnam: 16).

Asian Giant Toad (Zug and Mulcahy, 2020 "2019", Amph. Rept. S. Tanintharyi: 29).

Distribution

Southern Myanmar through western and peninsular Thailand through Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, and Java; in Vietnam on the border of Gia Lai and Dac Lac provinces to the northwest of Plei Tung Than at approximately 700 m; presumably also in intervening Cambodia and Laos.

Comment

In the Bufo asper group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 65, and Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107. See Taylor, 1962, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 43: 326–329, Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 66–69, and Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 176–178, for synonymy and discussion; also see Berry, 1975, Amph. Fauna Peninsular Malaysia: 46–47, for account. Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996, Zool. Res., Kunming, 17: 356, suggested that Bufo asper might be in the genus Torrentophryne. This was not accepted by Rao, Yang, and Wang, 1998, Russ. J. Herpetol., 5: 67. Further, if Bufo asper is included in Torrentophryne, it brings with it an older generic name Phrynoidis Fitzinger, 1843, which would be a subjective senior synonym of Torrentophryne. See account by Iskandar, 1998, Amph. Java Bali: 45–46. See brief account and photo by Manthey and Grossmann, 1997, Amph. Rept. Südostasiens: 31. Orlov, Murphy, Ananjeva, Ryabov, and Ho, 2002, Russ. J. Herpetol., 9: 84, provided the Vietnam record. Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 71, provided a brief characterization and photograph and suggested that the species is found throughout Thailand. Chan-ard, 2003, Photograph. Guide Amph. Thailand: 90–91, provided a very brief account, map for Thailand, and photograph. Reported for Pulau Langkawi, Kadeh, northwestern West Malaysia, by Grismer, Youmans, Wood, Ponce, Wright, Jones, Johnson, Sanders, Gower, Yaakob, and Lim, 2006, Hamadryad, 30: 61–74. Das, Jankowski, Makmor, and Haas, 2007, Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 104: 148, provided a brief description. Das, 2007, Amph. Rept. Brunei: 26, provided a photograph and a brief account (as Bufo asper). See brief account by Grismer, 2012, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Seribuat Arch.: 44–45, for the Seribuat Archipelago, West Malaysia. Schmidtler, 2013, Herpetozoa, Wien, 26 : 15–26, discussed the original description of this species.Shahriza and Ibrahim, 2014, Check List, 10: 253–259, provided a photograph and brief natural history observations for a population in Kedah, West Malaysia. Sumarli, Grismer, Anuar, Muin, and Quah, 2015, Check List, 11(4, Art. 1679): 8, reported specimens from the base of Mount Lawit and from Lata Tembaka, Terregganu, West Malaysia, and and reported on natural history and life history. Amram, Zainudin, and Wahid, 2018, Sains Malaysiana, 47: 1–7, reported on the mating call. Zug and Mulcahy, 2020 "2019", Amph. Rept. S. Tanintharyi: 29–30, provided a brief account for South Tanintharyi, peninsular Myanmar.

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