Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella arenarum

Bufo arenarum Hensel, 1867, Arch. Naturgesch., 33: 143. Syntypes: 7 specimens noted although location of deposit not designated. Kwet, Di-Bernardo, and Maneyro, 2006, Iheringia, Zool., 96: 484, located 3 of 7 syntypes in the ZMB and designated ZMB 6779 as lectotype. Type locality: "bei der Stadt Rio-Grande do Sul" (= near the city of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil); stated as "Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul", Brazil, by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 18.

Bufo mendocinus Philippi, 1869, Arch. Naturgesch., 35: 44. Holotype: MNHNC by original designation. Type locality: "Provinz Mendoza . . . bei Vistaflor", Argentina. Synonymy by Boulenger, 1884, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 14: 389; Boulenger, 1886, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, 18: 442; Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 142.

Bufo marinus var. platensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: 202. Syntypes: 34 specimens, in MNCN; given as 3101–3113, 3131–34, –31–34given as MNCN 3101-3113, 3135-3143, 3145-50 (Rio-Grande-do-Sul, Brasil); 3131-3134 (no data); 3144 (La Plata, Argentina); 15982 (La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina), by González-Fernández, 2006, Graellsia, 62: 125, and González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 268, with discussion of ambiguities. Type locality: "Montevideo . . . Rio Grande do Sul . . . Córdoba, Tucumán y Campo San Roque". Synonymy (with Bufo arenarum) by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 314. Considered a synonym of Bufo marinus by Savage, 1978, in Espada's Vert. Viaje Pacif.: vii-xvii (in error?), without discussion.

Phryniscus connectens Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 24. Type(s): MNHNC but number of specimens not noted in the original publication. Type locality: "Montevideo", Uruguay. Synonymy (with Bufo spinulosus) by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Synonymy (with Bufo arenarum) by Klappenbach, 1968, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 23: 148.

Bufo arenarius — Lutz, 1934, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 28: 120, 144. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Bufo arenarum — Gallardo, 1964, Neotropica, 10: 24; Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 65.

Bufo arenarum mendocinus — Gallardo, 1964, Neotropica, 10: 24; Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 70; Laurent, 1969, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 25: 81.

Bufo arenarum platensis — Gallardo, 1964, Neotropica, 10: 24; Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 70. Status as subspecies rejected by Laurent, 1969, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 25: 70.

Bufo arenarum chaguar Gallardo, 1965, Neotropica, 11: 84. Holotype: MACN 18922, by original designation. Type locality: "Argentina, Salta, Pocitos". Status rejected by Laurent, 1969, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 25: 70, 75.

Chaunus arenarum — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364; Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Rhinella arenarum — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication; Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 76.

Common Names

Argentine Toad (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 37).

Common Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).

Distribution

Central Bolivia east of the Andes (departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Santa Cruz, and Tarija) south to Chubut Province, Argentina; and allopatric population along the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the eastern and southern Uruguay; likely to be found in Paraguay.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay

Likely/Controversially Present: Paraguay

Comment

In the Bufo marinus group according to Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 57. Laurent, 1969, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 25: 67-80, demonstrated that most subspecies could not be maintained; this was further supported by Cei, 1972 "1971", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 28: 91-105, and followed by Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 173-178 (although he implied that some subspecies might be distinct species), but Braun, 1978, Iheringia, Zool., 52: 77, still recognized four subspecies. See also account (under Bufo arenarum arenarum) by Klappenbach and Langone, 1992, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Ser. 2, 8: 171-172. Olmos and Maneyro, 1998, Cuad. Herpetol., 12: 50, discussed the range in northeastern Uruguay (now Rhinella achavalii). De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 26, noted literature confusion with Rhinella poeppigii (as Bufo). Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 21-23, discussed recent literature regarding this species. See brief account by Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 82. Kwet, Di-Bernardo, and Maneyro, 2006, Iheringia, Zool., 96: 479-485, provided a key to distinguish this species from other members of the Rhinella marina group. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 24, briefly discussed the absence of any vouchers of this species from Paraguay, although its presence in the country is likely. Vera Candioti, 2007, Zootaxa, 1600: 1–175, reported on detailed larval morphology. Maneyro and Kwet, 2008, Stuttgart. Beit. Naturkd., Ser. A, Neue Ser., 1: 95-121, provided discussion of taxonomic, geographical, and conservation status as well as natural history. Céspedez, 1996, Herpetol. Rev., 27: 148, provided a record for Chaco Province, Argentina, and commented on the range in that country. Vallinoto, Sequeira, Sodré, Bernardi, Sampaio, and Schneider, 2010, Zool. Scripta, 39: 128-140, and Maciel, Collevatti, Colli, and Schwartz, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 57: 787-797, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Rhinella marina group, including this species. Salas, Zavattieri, di Tada, Martino, and Bridarolli, 1998, Cuad. Herpetol., 12: 37–48, discussed the call. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella marina group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Elías Panigo, Fernández Bellone, Roggio, and Carezzano, 2022, Intropica, 17: 9–18, reported on comparative larval morphometrics of populations in different habitats.

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