Rhinella dapsilis (Myers and Carvalho, 1945)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella dapsilis

Bufo dapsilis Myers and Carvalho, 1945, Bol. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, N.S., Zool., 35: 10. Holotype: MNRJ A840, by original designation. Type locality: "Bom Jardim, near Benjamin Constant, at the mouth of the Rio Javary, on the Peruvian border of the state of Amazonas, Brazil".

Rhinella dapsilis — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

Rhinella gildae Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015, Herpetologica, 71: 213. Holotype: MNRJ 23838, by original designation. Type locality: "São Pedro da Água Branca municipality (approximately 05° 05′ S, 48° 19′ W; 150  m asl), State of Maranhão, Brazil". Synonymy by Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 63. This synonymy questioned by Fouquet, Ferrão, Rodrigues, Werneck, Prates, Moraes, Hrbek, Chaparro, Lima, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Almeida, Gordo, Farias, Milto, Roberto, Rojas-Zamora, Ron, Guerra Batista, Recoder, Camacho, Mamani, Rainha, and Ávila, 2024, Syst. Biodiversity, 22 (1, 2291086): Appendix 2, who suggested that DNA analysis of the type specimens would likely place this taxon into the synonymy of Rhinella margaritifera. 

Common Names

Bom Jardim Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41).

Distribution

Amazonian Colombia (Amazonia and Caquetá), Brazil (Benjamin Constant), Peru (central Amazonian to Loreto), and easternmost Ecuador; north-central Brazil in central Tocantíns and eastern Pará, Amapa, as well western Maranhão; isolated record in north-central Ceará.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Comment

See Dixon, 1976, Herpetol. Rev., 7: 172, for discussion. Miyata, 1982, Smithson. Herpetol. Inform. Serv., 54: 3, reported this species for Ecuador without mentioning material. See comment under Rhinella margaritifera. Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 22: 13, provided a brief account. Silva, Dantas, Santos, Burati, and Santana, 2018, Herpetol. Notes, 11: 121–125, provided a new record (as Rhinella gildae) from Tocantins, Brazil, a photograph, and dot map. Ávila, Pansonato, Perez, Carvalho, Roberto, Morais, Almeida, Rojas-Zamora, Gordo, and Farias, 2018, Zootaxa, 4462: 274–290, reported (as Rhinella gildae) on morphological variation, advertisement and release calls, geographic variation, and a Bayesian tree of the Rhinella margaritifera group based on 439 bp of 16S rDNA. Metcalf, Marsh, Torres Pacaya, Graham, and Gunnels, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 753–767, reported the species from the Santa Cruz Forest Reserve, Loreto, northeastern Peru. In the Rhinella margaritifera clade, Rhinella margaritifera group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Queiroz, Tôrres, Barros, and Guedes, 2021, Herpetol. Brasil., 10: 77–85, discussed habitat and provided a dot map (with records) of the Brazilian part of the distribution. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, reported on distribution, literature, and conservation status for Amapá, Brazil. Gagliardi-Urrutia, García Dávila, Jaramillo-Martinez, Rojas-Padilla, Rios-Alva, Aguilar-Manihuari, Pérez-Peña, Castroviejo-Fisher, Simões, Estivals, Guillen Huaman, Castro Ruiz, Angulo Chávez, Mariac, Duponchelle, and Renno, 2022, Anf. Loreto: 50–51, provided a brief account, photograph, dot map, and genetic barcode for Loreto, Peru. Fouquet, Ferrão, Rodrigues, Werneck, Prates, Moraes, Hrbek, Chaparro, Lima, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Almeida, Gordo, Farias, Milto, Roberto, Rojas-Zamora, Ron, Guerra Batista, Recoder, Camacho, Mamani, Rainha, and Ávila, 2024, Syst. Biodiversity, 22 (1, 2291086): Appendix 2, suggested that nominal Rhinella dapsilis is likely a complex of species and that Rhinella gildae will likely be found to be a synonym of Rhinella margaritifera.   

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