Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella granulosa

Bufo (Oxyrhynchus) granulosus Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 51. Type(s): Not designated, although including animal figured on pl. 21, fig. 2 of the original publication; this being that holotype and ZSM 40/0, now lost according to Gallardo, 1965, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 134: 110; this confirmed by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 374, and Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 160. Type locality: "Provincia Bahiae", Brazil.

Bufo globulosus Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 51. Type(s): Not designated although including animal figured on pl. 19, fig. 1 of the original publication; ZSM 41/0, now lost, considered holotype by Gallardo, 1965, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 134: 110. Type locality: "flumen Itapicuru" (= Itapicurú River, Queimadas, Bahia, Brazil). This locality probably between Caxias (04° 50′ S, 43° 21′ W) and Arrarial (02° 37′ S, 44° 41′ W), according to Vanzolini, 1981, in Adler (ed.), Herpetol. Brazil Spix and Wagler: xx. Synonymy by Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 324. See comments by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 374; Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 160; and Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 1–73 (who regarded the type locality as only tentatively identified).

Chaunus marmoratus Wagler, 1828, Isis von Oken, 21: 744. Substitute name for Bufo globulosus Spix, 1824.

Bufo (Rhinella) granulosus — Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal., Ed. 2, 2: 111, by implication.

Chaunus globulosus — Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 205.

Bufo nasutulus Wiegmann, 1833, Isis von Oken, 26: 656. Types: Not designated in original publication; ZMB 3521–22 considered syntypes by Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 81. Type locality: not stated but based on specimens noted to have come from "India Orientali" by Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 222. Synonymy by Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 81; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 324. Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 170, suggested that this name is doubtfully assigned to this synonymy and should be reexamined.

Phrynoidis granulosus — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.

Bufo granulosus granulosus — Müller and Hellmich, 1936, Wissenschaft. Ergebn. Deutschen Gran Chaco Exped., Amph. Rept.: 12, by implication.

Chaunus granulosus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364.

Rhinella granulosa — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication; Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 1–73.

Rhinella granulosus — Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 76. incorrect subsequent spelling.

Common Names

Granular Toad (Cochran, 1961, Living Amph. World: 96; Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 39).

Common Lesser Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41).

Distribution

Eastern Brazil from Rio de Janeiro north through eastern Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia, Piaui, and eastern Maranhão east to Pernambudo, Alagaos, and Rio Grande do Norte.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Bufo granulosus group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 56. Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 65, noted that Bufo granulosus has priority over Bufo globulosus by reason of the actions taken by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 324, under the Principle of First Revisor. Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 223 (see Incertae sedis at level of Rhinella ) regarded as a senior synonym of Bufo granulosus Spix, 1824, by Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 81. Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 1–73, revised the species group, provided an account for this redelimited species, and noted hybridization with Rhinella mirandaribeiroi in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Fouquet, Gilles, Vences, Marty, Blanc, and Gemmell, 2007, PLoS One, 10 (e1109): 1–10, provided molecular evidence that this is a species complex. Silva, Santos, Alves, Sousa, and Annunziata, 2010, Sitientibus, Ser. Cienc. Biol., 7: 334–340, provided records for Piauí. São Pedro, Medeiros, and Garda, 2011, Zootaxa, 3092: 60–62, reported on the advertisement call. Oliveira, Weber, and Napoli, 2014, Herpetol. J., 24: 229–236, reported on larval morphology of the chondrocranium and hypobranchial apparatus. Zimmerman, 1983, Herpetologica, 39: 235–246, reported on advertisement call. Simon, Machado, and Marroig, 2016, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, Biol. Sci., 283 (20161783): 1–10, reported on skull evolution within the Rhinella granulosa group and provided a dot map. Giaretta, Haga, and Andrade, 2018, Phyllomedusa, 17: 255–265, reported on the advertisement call from a population in Bahia, Brazil. Dubeux, Silva, Nascimento, Gonçalves, and Mott, 2019, Rev. Nordestina Zool., 12: 18–52, summarized the literature on larval morphology. See Dubeux, Nascimento, Lima, Magalhães, Silva, Gonçalves, Almeida, Correia, Garda, Mesquita, Rossa-Feres, and Mott, 2020, Biota Neotrop., 20 (2: e20180718): 1–24, for characterization and identification of larvae north of the Rio São Francisco in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella granulosa group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Reported from the Environmental Protection Area of Catolé and Fernão Velho, Alagoas, Brazil, by Dubeux, Nascimento, Gonçalves, and Mott, 2021, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 61 (e20216176): 1–10, who provided a key to the frogs of that region. Palmeira, Gonçalves, Dubeux, Lima, Lambertini, Valencia-Aguilar, Jenkinson, James, Toledo, and Mott, 2022, Cuad. Herpetol., 36: 65–75, reported on habitat in Natural Heritage Reserve Mata Estrela, Baía Formosa, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Taucce, Costa-Campos, Carvalho, and Michalski, 2022, Eur. J. Taxon., 836: 96–130, commented on old records of this species, now reassigned to Rhinella major. Thomé, Carstens, Rodrigues, Galetti, Alexandrino, and Haddad, 2022, Heredity, 127: 363–372, discussed modeled distributions through time and the role of asynchrony of seasons in affecting genetic differentiation in this species. Rivera, Prates, Caldwell, Rodrigues, and Fujita, 2022, Heredity, 130: 14–21, reported on mtDNA phylogenetics in the Rhinella granulosa group, including this species. Silva, Sousa, Vallinoto, Costa, Furo, Gomes, and Oliveira, 2024, PLoS One, 19(8: e0308785): 1–15, compared the cytogenetics of Rhinella margaritifera, Rhinella, granulosa, and Rhinella marina, using several techniques. Ramirez Moreno and Giaretta, 2025, Zootaxa, 5588: 105–128, reported on comparative acoustic, molecular, morphology, morphometrics with special reference to the relationship with Rhinella mirandaribeiroi.  

    

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