Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella ornata

Bufo ornatus Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 45. Syntypes: Not designated, although including animal figured on pl. 17, fig. 1 of the original; syntypes include ZSM 2691/0 and RMNH 2157, according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 373, who designated ZSM 2691/0/A (= ZSM 2691/0/1) as lectotype. Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 161, disputed that status of RMNH 2157 as a syntype and discussed the types. Type locality: "Provincia Rio de Janeiro", Brazil. Given as "provàvelmente Rio de Janeiro", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 22.

Bufo dorsalis Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 46. Syntypes: 5 specimens including the animal figured on pl. 17, fig. 2 in the original publication; these orginally in ZSM (5 specimens), including ZSM 1141/0 and RMNH 2189 (presumably exchanged from ZSM), according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 373, who designated ZSM 1141/0/3 lectotype. See comments by Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 159. Type locality: "Provincia Rio de Janeiro", Brazil. Synonymy by Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 207 (with Bufo cinctus); Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 61 (with Bufo ocellatus); Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 316. See comment by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 319-415. Synonymy with Bufo melanotis by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 710. Synonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Bufo spixii Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 65. Syntypes: ZSM 1343/0 and RMNH 2190; ZSM 1343/0 designated lectotype by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 373. Type locality: Brazil; given as "Provincia do Rio de Janeiro", Brazil, by Bokermann, 1966, Lista Anot. Local. Tipo Anf. Brasil.: 24. A new name for specimens referred by Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 47, pl. 20, fig. 1, to Bufo scaber (not Bufo scaber Daudin). Synonymy with Bufo margaritifer by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 317; with Bufo crucifer by Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 372. Synonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Oxyrhynchus spixii — Wied-Neuwied, 1827, Abbild. Naturgesch. Brasil., Heft 11: pl. 46, fig. 3.

Bufo gracilis Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 424. Types: Not designated, although presumably originally in USNM or ANSP. Type locality: "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Synonymy with Bufo crucifer by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 316. ynonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Phrynoidis ornatus — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.

Rhaebo gracilis — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358.

Bufo lentiginosus dorsalis — Garman, 1884, Bull. Essex Inst., 16: 43, by implication.

Bufo crucifer var. roseanus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 27: 134. Holotype: MNRJ 361, according to Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 408. Type locality: Not designated, although clearly in Brazil; reported as "woods of Rio d'Ouro, State of Rio de Janeiro" Brazil, by Miranda-Ribeiro, in Cochran, 1955 "1954", Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 206: 19. Synonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Bufo crucifer inornatus Lutz, 1934, Mem. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 28: 126, 151. Types: MNRJ. Type locality: "Rio de Janeiro e na visinhança do Instituto", Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Synonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Bufo crucifer mayi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, O Campo, 8: 69. Holotype: MNRJ 362, according to Miranda-Ribeiro, 1955, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 42: 408. Type locality: "Gavea—Rio de Janeiro", Brazil. Synonymy with Bufo ornatus by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261.

Bufo pombali Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 267. Holotype: MNRJ 22311, by original designation. Type locality: "BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS, Reserva Biológica de Peti, Municipality of São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo (19° 49′ S, 43° 21′ W, altitude 650 m)".

Bufo pombali Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 267. Holotype: MNRJ 22311, by original designation. Type locality: "BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS, Reserva Biológica de Peti, Municipality of São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo (19° 49′ S, 43° 21′ W, altitude 650 m)". Noted to be a hybrid of Rhinella ornata x Rhinella crucifer by Thomé, Zamudio, Haddad, and Alexandrino, 2012, BMC Evol. Biol., 12 1-13. 

Bufo abei Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 267. Holotype: MNRJ 24963, by original designation. Type locality: "BRAZIL, SANTA CATARINA, Corrego Grande, Municipality of Florianopolis (25° 28′ S, 48° 50′ W, sea level)". Synonymy by Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 53.

Chaunus pombali — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Chaunus abei — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364; Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Chaunus ornatus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Rhinella pombali — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication.

Rhinella ornata — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication.

Rhinella abei — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication.

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Atlantic rain forest from the state of Espírito Santo, through the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to Paraná, to southern Santa Catarina and areas of the northern part of Rio Grando do Sul, Brazil, and eastern Paraguay; possibly into northeastern Argentina in the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Paraguay

Likely/Controversially Present: Argentina

Comment

Removed from the synonymy of Rhinella crucifer (as Bufo) by Baldissera, Caramaschi, and Haddad, 2004, Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 62: 261 (who provided an account), where it had been placed by Peters, 1872, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1872: 226; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 316. Brusquetti and Lavilla, 2006, Cuad. Herpetol., 20: 18, briefly discussed the range in Paraguay. A hybrid with Rhinella crucifer, "Rhinella pombali" is found throughout the Atlantic rainforest and in its transitional areas with the Cerrado in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Oliveira, Weber, and Napoli, 2014, Herpetol. J., 24: 229–236, reported on larval morphology of the chondrocranium and hypobranchial apparatus (as both Rhinella abei and Rhinella ornata). Thomé, Zamudio, Giovanelli, Haddad, Baldissera, and Alexandrino, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 55: 1018-1031, in their study of the molecular phylogenetics of the Rhinella crucifer group, first noted noted ambiguity in the mtDNA molecular evidence with respect to the diagnosability of Rhinella pombali and subsequently Thomé, Zamudio, Haddad, and Alexandrino, 2012, BMC Evol. Biol., 12 1-13, documented its hybrid status. Lourenço, Baêta, Abreu, and Pombal, 2010, Zootaxa, 2370: 65–68, reported on the advertisement call and tadpole morphology of nominal Rhinella pombali (Rhinella crucifer x Rhinella ornata). Fehlberg, Natali, Pezzuti, and Garcia, 2012, Zootaxa, 3559: 37-38, reported on larval morphology of nominal Rhinella abei. Weiler, Núñez, Airaldi, Lavilla, Peris, and Baldo, 2013, Anf. Paraguay: 43, provided a brief account, image, and dot map for Paraguay. Guerra Batista, Oda, Amaral, Costa, Maciel, and Bastos, 2017, Herpetozoa, Wien, 30: 100–105, reported on release and distress calls (as Rhinella abei). In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella crucifer group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Manzano, Takeno, and Sawaya, 2022, Zootaxa, 5178: 453–472, reported on the advertisement call from Itatiaia National Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Santos, Feio, and Nomura, 2023, Biota Neotrop., 23 (3:e20231486): 1–43, characterized the tadpole morphology of hybrids of Rhinella ornata x Rhinella crucifer as part of an identification key to the tadpoles of the Brazilian Cerrado.  

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