Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella proboscidea

Bufo (Oxyrhynchus) proboscideus Spix, 1824, Animal. Nova Spec. Nov. Test. Ran. Brasil.: 52. Type(s): Not designated, although including animal figured on pl. 21, fig. 4 of the original publication. ZSM 1145/0 is holotype according to Hoogmoed and Gruber, 1983, Spixiana, München, Suppl., 9: 319–415, and Glaw and Franzen, 2006, Spixiana, München, 29: 162. Type locality: "flumen Solimoens" (= Rio Solimoes), Brazil.

Oxyrhynchus proboscideus — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 39; Jiménez de la Espada, 1875, Vert. Viaje Pacif. Verif. 1862–1865: 178.

Rhinella proboscidea — Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 39.

Bufo (Rhinella) proboscideus — Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal., Ed. 2, 2: 111, by implication.

Eurhina proboscideus — Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept.: 32.

Bufo proboscideus — Hoogmoed, 1986, in Rocek (ed.), Studies in Herpetol.: 147–150. Hoogmoed, 1990, in Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vert. Tropics: 117–120.

Rhinella proboscidea — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 366.

English Names

None noted.

Distribution

Amazon river region from Peru to Manaus, Brazil, and Amazonian Ecuador; Caquetá, Colombia.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Comment

See discussion by Hoogmoed, 1986, in Rocek (ed.), Studies in Herpetol.: 147-150, and Hoogmoed, 1990, in Peters and Hutterer (eds.), Vert. Tropics: 117-120, who noted that this species was referred to erroneously as Bufo dapsilis by Zimmerman and Bogart, 1988, J. Herpetol., 22: 97-108, and who removed it from the synonymy of Rhinella margaritifera (referred to as Bufo typhonius), where it had been placed by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 315. Zimmerman and Bogart, 1984, Acta Amazonica, 14: 473–520, reported on vocalization. The diagnostic differences between this form and geographically proximate members of Rhinella are not well documented. See comment under Rhinella margaritifera. Osorno-Muñoz, Gutiérrez-Lamus, and Blanco, 2011, Rev. Colomb. Amazon., 4: 143–160, reported the species from Caquetá Department, Colombia. Bruschi, Sousa, Soares, Carvalho, Busin, Ficanha, Lima, Andrade, and Recco-Pimentel, 2019, Genet. Mol. Biol., 42: 445-451, reported on karyotype. In the Rhinella margaritifera clade, Rhinella margaritifera group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Ferrão, Souza, Colatreli, Hanken, and Lima, 2022, Syst. Biodiversity, 20 (1: 2039317): 11, detailed the advertisement call and morphometrics from Manaus, Brazil. Schiesari, Rossa-Feres, Menin, and Hödl, 2022, Zootaxa, 5223: 33–34, detailed larval and metamorph morphology and natural history in central Amazonia, Brazil. Gagliardi-Urrutia, García Dávila, Jaramillo-Martinez, Rojas-Padilla, Rios-Alva, Aguilar-Manihuari, Pérez-Peña, Castroviejo-Fisher, Simões, Estivals, Guillen Huaman, Castro Ruiz, Angulo Chávez, Mariac, Duponchelle, and Renno, 2022, Anf. Loreto: 48–49, provided a brief account (as Rhinella aff. proboscidea), dot map, and genetic barcode for Loreto, Peru.

External links:

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For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.