Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella pygmaea (Myers and Carvalho, 1952)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella pygmaea

Bufo pygmaeus Myers and Carvalho, 1952, Zoologica, New York, 37: 1. Holotype: Stated to be deposited in the MNRJ. Considered likely to be MNRJ 2339 by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66; considered to be MNRJ 2339 by Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 18. Type locality: "São João da Barra, at the mouth of the Rio Parahyba (right bank), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil".

Bufo pygmaeus — Cei and Roig, 1964, Not. Biol. Fac. Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat., Corrientes, Zool., 4: 14. Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 197.

Bufo granulosus pygmaeus — Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 72. Gallardo, 1965, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 134: 121.

Chaunus pygmaeus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Rhinella pygmaea — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication; Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 1-73.

English Names

Rio Parahyba Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Distribution

Southeastern coastal Brazil in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

See accounts (as Bufo) by Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 197–200. Yanosky, Dixon, and Mercolli, 1993, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 29: 160–171, and Yanosky, Dixon, and Mercolli, 1993, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 29: 66, reported this species in sympatry with Rhinella fernandezae and Rhinella granulosa. See Rhinella bergi, an Argentinian species formerly confused with Rhinella pygmaea. Izecksohn and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2001, Anf. Municipio Rio de Janeiro: 30, provided a brief account and photo. Silva, Carvalho-e-Silva, and Carvalho-e-Silva, 2007, Herpetol. Rev., 38: 97, provided the record for Espírito Santo. Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009, Arq. Zool., São Paulo, 40: 1-73, revised the Rhinella granulosa group and provided an account and map. Silveira, Salles, and Pontes, 2009, Check List, 5: 749–752, provided a range extension and commented on and mapped the range. Carvalho, Tolentino, and Giaretta, 2013, Herpetol. Notes, 6: 229–231, reported the advertisement call. Oliveira, Weber, and Napoli, 2014, Herpetol. J., 24: 229–236, reported on larval morphology of the chondrocranium and hypobranchial apparatus. Simon, Machado, and Marroig, 2016, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, Biol. Sci., 283 (20161783): 1–10, reported on skull evolution within the Rhinella granulosa group and provided a dot map. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella granulosa group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Rivera, Prates, Caldwell, Rodrigues, and Fujita, 2022, Heredity, 130: 14–21, reported on mtDNA phylogenetics in the Rhinella granulosa group, including this species.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.