Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella rubescens (Lutz, 1925)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella rubescens

Bufo rufus Garman, 1877 "1876", Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 18: 413. Syntypes: MCZ 367-68 (2 specimens), according to Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 233. Type locality: "near Goyaz [= city of Goiás], on the highlands of east Brazil" (actually in central Brazil). Primary homonym of Bufo rufus Schneider, 1799 (= Anaxyrus terrestris) according to Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66.

Bufo rubescens Lutz, 1925, C. R. Mém. Hebd. Séances Soc. Biol. Filial., Paris, 93 (1925, vol. 2): 214. Syntypes: Not stated, but USNM 97236-37 according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 37. Type locality: "Bello Horizonte", Minas Gerais, Brazil. Synonymy (under Bufo rufus) by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 37; Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84; and Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 178.

Bufo rufescens — Brazil and Vellard, 1926, Mem. Inst. Butantan, São Paulo, 3: 23. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Chaunus rubescens — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Rhinella rubescens — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication.

Common Names

Rusty Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Rufous Toad (Eterovick and Sazima, 2004, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 33).

Distribution

Cerrado of central Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pará, Piaui, and São Paulo).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Brazil

Endemic: Brazil

Comment

In the Bufo marinus group of Martin, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 57, and Blair, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 96, but in the Bufo arenarum group of Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 173–178. Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66, noted that Bufo rufus Garman is a primary homonym of Bufo rufus Schneider, 1799 (= Bufo terrestris). Removed from the synonymy of Rhinella missionum by Faivovich and Carrizo, 1997, Cuad. Herpetol., 11: 81–82, where it had been placed by Gallardo, 1961, Neotropica, 7: 33–38. Eterovick and Sazima, 1999, J. Herpetol., 33: 711–713, noted the similarity of this species with Rhinella arenarum. See remarks by Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 27, regarding the nomenclature of the species. Araújo, Condez, and Haddad, 2007, Check List, 3: 153–155, provided the first record for the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Canelas and Bertoluci, 2007, Iheringia, Zool., 97: 21–26, provided a locality in Minas Gerais. Kwet, Di-Bernardo, and Maneyro, 2006, Iheringia, Zool., 96: 479–485, provided a key to distinguish this species from other members of the Rhinella marina group. Eterovick and Sazima, 2004, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 33–34, provided a photograph and brief account. Vallinoto, Sequeira, Sodré, Bernardi, Sampaio, and Schneider, 2010, Zool. Scripta, 39: 128–140, and Maciel, Collevatti, Colli, and Schwartz, 2010, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 57: 787–797, reported on the molecular phylogenetics of the Rhinella marina group, including this species. Cruz, Feio, and Caramaschi, 2009, Anf. Ibitipoca: 62–63, provided photographs and a brief account for Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aoki, Landgref, Oda, and Gamarra, 2011, Herpetol. Rev., 42: 108, provided a record for Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and commented on the range. Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Nomura, Morais, Guerra Batista, Santos, Andrade, Oliveira, Brandão, and Bastos, 2020, Guia Ident. Anf. Goiás e Dist. Fed. Brasil Central: 26, provided an account for Goiás and the D.F. population, Brazil.. Eterovick, Souza, and Sazima, 2020, Anf. Serra do Cipó: 1–292, provided an account, life history information, and an identification scheme for the Serra de Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella marina group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156. Pezzuti, Leite, Rossa-Feres, and Garcia, 2021, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 22 (Special Issue): 1–109, described larval morphology and natural history, and provides a key to the larvae of southernmost portion of the Espinhaço Range, southeastern Brazil.

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.