Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinella rubropunctata (Guichenot, 1848)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Rhinella > Species: Rhinella rubropunctata

Bufo rubro-punctatus Guichenot, 1848, in Gay (ed.), Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile, Zool., 2: 128. Type(s): Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: "en los bosques húmedos de la provincia de Valdivia" (= wet forests of Valdivia Province), Chile.

Phryne rubropunctata — Fitzinger, 1861 "1860", Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 42: 415.

Bufo spinulosus var. surda Werner, 1898 "1897", Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Suppl., 4: 277. Types: Presumably ZIUW or NHMW; based on juveniles according to the original description. Type locality: "Quilpué", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 49; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 171.

Bufo chiragra Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 34. Types: MNHNC (number of specimens not noted although measurements only provided for one specimen), according to the original publication. Type locality: "Andibus provinciae Cautin", Chile. Considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 146. Synonymy (with Bufo spinulosus) by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 274. Synonymy (with Bufo spinulosus rubropunctatus) by Cei, 1962 "1961", Invest. Zool. Chilen., 7: 59-81; Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 49; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 171.

Bufo spinulosus rubropunctatus — Cei, 1962 "1961", Invest. Zool. Chilen., 7: 77.

Bufo arunco rubropunctatus — Cei, 1962 "1961", Invest. Zool. Chilen., 7: 77.

Bufo rubropunctatus — Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 64; Cei, 1972 "1971", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 28: 91; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 171-172.

Chaunus rubropunctatus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.

Rhinella rubropunctata — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication.

English Names

Red-spotted Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Distribution

Temperate forests of southern Chile (Valdivia, Llanquihué, Arauco and Cautin provinces); Argentina, in the vicinity of Esquel (Chubut Province) and El Bolsón (Río Negro Province), 200–800 m elevation.

Comment

See account by Gallardo, 1962, Neotropica, 8: 28–30. At times considered a synonym (e.g., Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 302; Schneider, 1936, Comun. Mus. Concepción, 1: 109–112) or subspecies of Rhinella spinulosus (e.g., Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile), but currently considered a distinct species (see Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 171). Formas and Veloso, 1982, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 95: 688, and Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66, rejected the synonymy of Bufo venustus Philippi, 1902, made by Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 172, considering this to be Telmatobufo venustus. See Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 49–50 (as Bufo spinulosus rubropunctatus). See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as Bufo rubropunctatus) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 190.See Lobos, Vidal-Maldonado, Correa-Quezada, Labra-Lillo, Díaz-Páez, Charrier, Rabanal, Díaz-Vidal, and Tala, 2013, Anf. Chile Conserv. 1–104, for photograph, comments on conservation status, and range. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella arunco group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156, who reported on molecular and morphological phylogenetics.

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