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Rhinella spinulosa (Wiegmann, 1834)
Bufo spinulosus Wiegmann, 1834, in Meyen (ed.), Reise in die Erde K. Preuss. Seehandl., 3(Zool.): 514. Subsequently published by Wiegmann, 1834, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 17: 265. Type(s): Not designated; ZMB 3415, according to Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 80. Type locality: "Peru". The name Bufo spinulosus was published twice: first in 1834 (Wiegmann, 1834, in Meyen (ed.), Reise in die Erde K. Preuss. Seehandl., 3(Zool.): 514), and then in early 1835 (Wiegmann, 1834, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 17: 185-268). For additional discussion see Lavilla, 1997, Cuad. Herpetol., 11: 75-80, Anonymous, 1910, Cat. Books Mss Maps Brit. Mus., Vol. 3, and Bauer and Adler, 2001, Arch. Nat. Hist., London, 28: 313-326.
Phryniscus nigricans Wiegmann, 1834, in Meyen (ed.), Reise in die Erde K. Preuss. Seehandl., 3(Zool.): 514. Subsequently published by Wiegmann, 1834, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 17: 264. Types: Not designated, although presumably originally in ZMB. Type locality: Hochebene des Südlichen Peru. Regarded as a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146. Synonymy by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 723 (with Chaunus formosus) and by Boulenger, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 14: 374 (not Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2), who selected Bufo spinulosus as having priority over Phryniscus nigricans. See also Vellard, 1959, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 8: 7. The name Phryniscus nigricans was published twice: first in 1834 (Wiegmann, 1834, in Meyen (ed.), Reise in die Erde K. Preuss. Seehandl., 3(Zool.)), and then in early 1835 (Wiegmann, 1834, Nova Acta Phys. Med. Acad. Caesar Leopold Carol., Halle, 17: 185-268). For additional discussion see Lavilla, 1997, Cuad. Herpetol., 11: 75-80, Anonymous, 1910, Cat. Books Mss Maps Brit. Mus., Vol. 3, and Bauer and Adler, 2001, Arch. Nat. Hist., London, 28: 313-326.
Chaunus formosus Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 87. Type(s): MNHNP, by original designation. Type locality: Not designated. Nomen nudum. Considered a synonym of Phryniscus nigricans by Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 723 (their concept of which was based on specimens of Atelopus stelzneri according to Boulenger, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 14: 374); Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 150.
Bufo formosus — Duméril and Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 6: 646.
Bufo lineo-maculatus Guichenot, 1848, in Gay (ed.), Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile, Zool., 2: 128. Types: Not designated or known to exist. Type locality: "cercanías de Valdivia", Chile. Placed in the synonymy of Bufo rubropunctatus by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 83, who gave Bufo rubropunctatus priority over this name. Considered a synonym of Bufo spinulosus by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 302; Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 66.
Bufo simus Schmidt, 1857, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Phys. Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 24: 10. Syntypes: BMNH 1947.2.21.18 (formerly 1898.9.14.6), ZMH 1527, KM 1029/1351 (5 specimens), ZSM 593-20, and NHMW 16521, according to Savage, 1970, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 38: 273-288. BMNH 1947.2.21.18 designated lectotype by Savage, 1972, J. Herpetol., 6: 32. Type locality: "Neu-Granada", later restricted by Schmidt, 1858, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Kl., 14: 255, to "Diese Art war in ungeheuren Mengen an seichten Stellen des Chiriquiflusses, unweit Bocca del toro, wo sie sich in einer Wassertemperatur von 36-40° R. sehr wohl befanden" (= This species was in enormous quantities in shallow places of the Chiriqui River near Boca del Toro, where it was very well situated in a water temperature from 36-40°). This type locality was doubted by Dunn and Stuart, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 56, and Savage, 1972, J. Herpetol., 6: 25-33, who suggested that the true type locality was in South America, possibly Peru or Bolivia. Synonymy by De la Riva, 2004, J. Herpetol., 38: 433, who discussed the convoluted taxonomic history.
Phryniscus guttatus Philippi In Philippi and Landbeck, 1861, Arch. Naturgesch., 27: 300. Types: Not designated, and not in MNHNC according to Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 25. Type locality: "Cordillere von Santiago in mehr als 10,000 Fuss Meereshöhe, im Valle largo", Provincia de Santiago, Chile, 10000 pies s.n.m. Considered possibly synonymous with Phryniscus nigricans Wiegmann, 1834, by Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 150; and Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146. Tentatively assigned to the synonymy of Nannophryne variegata Günther, 1870, by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 85. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Synonymy with Bufo spinulosus supported by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 67.
Chilophryne lineomaculata — Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 14: 358 ("ex Gray").
Bufo nigricans — Boulenger, 1894, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, 14: 374. Mertens, 1952, in Titschacke (ed.), Beiträge von Fauna Perus, 3: 258.
Bufo spinulosus var. aspera Werner, 1898 "1897", Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Suppl., 4: 277. Syntype(s): presumably ZIUW or NHMW, but not in recent NHMW type list. Type locality: "Pica, Oase der Pampa Tamarugal, Hinterland von Iquique", Chile. Synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 115; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 164. Junior homonym of Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829.
Bufo spinulosus var. ornata Werner, 1898 "1897", Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Suppl., 4: 277. Syntypes: 4 specimens (not traced), presumably originally in ZIUW or NHMW. Type locality: "Coquimbo", Chile. Synonymy by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 115.
Bufo ventralis Philippi, 1899, An. Univ. Chile, 104: 724. Syntypes: MNHNC (5 specimens), according to the original publication; possibly now in IZUC. Type locality: "Habitat prope Valdiviam ubi rarus videtur et in Andibus provinciae Cautin", Chile. Along with the generic name, Stenodactylus, considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 274; Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 146.
Stenodactylus ventralis — Philippi, 1899, An. Univ. Chile, 104: 724; Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 39.
Aruncus valdivianus Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 4. Syntypes: MNHNC (3 specimens), according to the original publication and including animal figured by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 279, who implied that the specimens are lost. Type locality: "provincia de Valdivia", Chile. Along with the generic name, Aruncus, considered a nomen dubium by Nieden, 1923, Das Tierreich, 46: 146; and Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 266 (who provided the previously unpublished original illustration). Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 146.
Phryniscus monticola Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 13. Holotype: MNHNC according to the original publication but likely lost by implication of Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Type locality: "Habitat in Andibus provinciae Curicó", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267; tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Phryniscus formosus Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 15. Holotype: MNHNC, according to the original publication. Type locality: "Chile". Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84; synonymy supported by Lavilla, 1994 "1992", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 42: 67.
Phryniscus carbonarius Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 16. Syntypes: MNHNC (numerous individuals), according to the original publication. Type locality: Not designated (presumably Chile). Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Phryniscus pictus Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 18. Syntypes: MNHNC (more than 20 specimens), according to the original publication. Type locality: "Patria. Aculeo . . . . Supongo que esta especie es de Validivia", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Phryniscus alacer Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 20. Holotype: MNHNC according to the original publication. Type locality: "Habitat ad rivulos praedü Mansel et racicis Andium provinciae Linares, l. d. Quinamavida, ubi ipse legi .... orillas de un riachuelo, cerca de los Banos de Apoquindo", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Phryniscus sexmaculatus Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 22. Holotype: MNHNC according to the original publication. Type locality: "cerca de los Baños de Poquindo", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Phryniscus asper Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 23. Syntypes: MNHNC (4 specimens), according to the original publication. Type locality: "habitat in Andibus de Chillan dictis". Secondary homonym of Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829, when in Bufo. Synonymy by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 267. Tentative synonymy by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84.
Bufo spinulosus var. arapensis Andersson, 1908, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkd., Wiesbaden, 61: 306. Syntypes: Not designated, but shared between NHRM and MWNH, according to E. Ahlander (personal commun.). MWNH 153/1 designated lectotype (rendering 153/2-4 as paralectotypes) by Köhler and Güsten, 2007, Spixiana, München, 30: 280, who discussed and supported the synonymy. Type locality: "Arapa, [Departamento Puno,] Peru, 4500 m above the sea level".
Bufo spinulosus spinulosus — Andersson, 1908, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturkd., Wiesbaden, 61: 306; Shreve, 1941, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 18: 76; Vellard, 1959, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 8: 22; Gallardo, 1961, Breviora, 141: 2; Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 63.
Telmatobius halli edentatus Capurro-S., 1955, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 2: 150. Types: Not designated. Type locality: "región de los Geysers, ubicada al interior de San Pedro de Atacama en las faldas de volcán Tatío a 2.500 metros de altura mas o menos", Chile. Synonymy by Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 38; Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 166.
Bufo spinulosus arequipensis Vellard, 1959, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier Prado, 8: 17. Syntypes: MUSM 812 (2 specimens); MUSM 3896 (renumbered) designated lectotype by Morales, Carrillo, and Ortega, 1990, Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. Univ. Nac. Mayor San Marcos, 33: 2. Type locality: "Arequipa . . . . Rio Chili", Peru. Given as "Río Chili, (approx, 16° 23′ S, 71° 46′ W, Provincia de Arequipa), Arequipa (Perú, 2400 m)" by Morales, Carrillo, and Ortega, 1990, Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. Univ. Nac. Mayor San Marcos, 33: 2. Synonymy by Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 45.
Bufo arunco spinulosus — Cei, 1962 "1961", Invest. Zool. Chilen., 7: 77.
Bufo spinulosus arunco — Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 45.
Bufo spinulosus papillosus — Gallardo, 1965, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 17: 60.
Bufo flavilineatus — Cei, 1972 "1971", Acta Zool. Lilloana, 28: 91. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Bufo arequipensis — Cei, 1972, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 29: 233-246.
Chaunus spinulosus — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364; Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.
Chaunus arequipensis — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Savage and Bolaños, 2009, Zootaxa, 2005: 4, by implication.
Rhinella arequipensis — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211, by implication; Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 76.
Rhinella spinulosa — Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 211. By implication
Rhinella spinulosus — Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 76. Incorrect subsequent spelling.
Common Names
Warty Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).
Flatnose Toad (Bufo simus [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).
Rio Chili Toad (Rhinella arequipensis [no longer recognized}: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).
Distribution
Andes of the Bolivian borderlands of Peru and into southern Peru, including the Arequipa region and upper parts of western valleys, between Tacna and Camaná, southern Pacific Peru.
Geographic Occurrence
Natural Resident: Bolivia, Peru
Comment
See comments under Rhinella arunco, Rhinella atacamensis, Rhinella chilensis, Rhinella limensis, and Rhinella vellardi. Sinsch, 1986, Bol. Lima, 8 (45): 23–33, characterized adults and larvae. Cei, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 83, suggested that Rhinella spinulosa spinulosa (as Bufo) was composed of several cryptic species. Rhinella arequipensis was considered a distinct species from Bufo spinulosus by Cei, 1972, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 29: 233-246, and Cei, 1980, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Monogr., 2: 170-171; still treated as a subspecies of Bufo spinulosus by Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 84. Córdova, 1999, Stuttgart. Beit. Naturkd., Ser. A—Biol., 600: 1-28, doubted the distinctiveness of this taxon from Rhinella spinulosa (as Bufo). Cei, 1962, Batr. Chile: 38-41, 45-48, provided an account for the Chilean population. Records for Ecuador apply to Rhinella amabilis. Vera Candioti, 2007, Zootaxa, 1600: 1–175, reported on detailed larval morphology. Correa-Quezada, Pastenes-O., Sallaberry-Ayerza, Veloso, and Méndez-Torres, 2010, Amphibia-Reptilia, 31: 85-96, reported on molecular phylogeography in northern Chile. Gallardo, Hernández, Diniz, Palma, and Méndez, 2011, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., 84: 391-406, reported on landscape genetics in Chile. Ferraro, Blotto, Baldo, Barrasso, Barrionuevo, Basso, Cardozo, Cotichelli, Faivovich, Pereyra, and Lavilla, 2018, in Vaira, Akmentins, and Lavilla (eds.), Cuad. Herpetol., 32 (Supl. 1): 17–19, noted problematic status of the subspecies in Argentina. See Lobos, Vidal-Maldonado, Correa-Quezada, Labra-Lillo, Díaz-Páez, Charrier, Rabanal, Díaz-Vidal, and Tala, 2013, Anf. Chile Conserv.: 1–104, for photograph, comments on conservation status, and range in Chile. See Charrier, 2019, Anf. Bosques Centro Sur y Patagonia de Chile: 238–241, for account (morphology, habitat, natural history) and polygon distribution map. In the Rhinella marina clade, Rhinella spinulosa group of Pereyra, Blotto, Baldo, Chaparro, Ron, Elias-Costa, Iglesias, Venegas, Thomé, Ospina-Sarria, Maciel, Rada, Kolenc, Borteiro, Rivera-Correa, Rojas-Runjaic, Moravec, De la Riva, Wheeler, Castroviejo-Fisher, Grant, Haddad, and Faivovich, 2021, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 447: 1–156, who redlimited the species, assigning populations in Argentina and Chile to other species. Alveal, Rivera, Pinochet, and Díaz-Páez, 2022, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 25: 1–11, modeled the current and future distribution with global warming.
External links:
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- For access to general information see Wikipedia
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- For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
- For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
- For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
- For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
- For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.