- Amphibian Species of the World on social media
- What is the right name?
- Curator's blog
- Running log of additions and changes, 2023
- Logs of changes and additions, 2014–2022
- How to cite
- How to use
- History of the project, 1980 to 2023
- Comments on amphibian taxonomy relating to versions 3.0 to 6.2 (2004 to 2023)
- Scientific Nomenclature and Its Discontents
- Structure of the taxonomic records
- Contributors and reviewers for Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (1985)
- Contributors, online editions
- Versions
- Museum abbreviations
- Links to useful amphibian systematic, conservation, collection management, informational, and/or regional sites
- Links to useful FREE library sites
- Copyright and terms of use
Schismaderma Smith, 1849
Schismaderma Smith, 1849, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., 3 (Part 28, Errata sheet): 1 p. and Smith, 1849, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., 3 (Appendix): 28. Type species: Schismaderma lateralis Smith, 1849 (= Bufo carens Smith, 1848), by monotypy.
English Names
African Split-skin Toads (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 45).
Red Toads (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 44).
Distribution
Tanzania and southeastern Dem. Rep. Congo through eastern Angola to northeastern Northern Cape Province (Rep. South Africa).
Comment
Equivalent to the Bufo carens group of Tandy and Keith, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 158. Removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Van Dijk, 1966, Ann. Natal Mus., 18: 248. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, suggested on the basis of DNA sequence data that Schismaderma is the sister taxon of Peltophryne. Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 203–212, and Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 72–83, suggested that Schismaderma is the sister taxon of Duttaphrynus. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6–8, implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo; see comment under Bufonidae. Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1–10, suggested on the basis of molecular data that Schismaderma is the sister taxon of Churamiti + Nectophrynoides. In a subsequent, more densely-sampled analysis, Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679–682, found Schismaderma to be phylogenetically isolated, but still possibly related to Churamiti + Nectophrynoides. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, came to results similar to that of Van Bocxlaer et al., 2010 (although this is difficult to see because the Pyron and Wiens explicitly adopted a non-monophyletic taxonomy) with the exception that they found the immediate sister taxon to be Bufotes. Marques, Ceríaco, Blackburn, and Bauer, 2018, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 65 (Suppl. II): 69, provided a map for Angola and discussed the literature.
Contained taxa (2 sp.):
External links:
Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.
- For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
- For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
- For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
- To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
- For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist