Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Conraua Nieden, 1908

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Conrauidae > Genus: Conraua

8 species

Conraua Nieden, 1908, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 3: 497. Type species: Conraua robusta Nieden, 1908, by monotypy.

Pseudoxenopus Barbour and Loveridge, 1927, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 10: 14. Type species: Pseudoxenopus alleni Barbour and Loveridge, 1927, by monotypy. Synonymy (with Rana) by Barbour and Loveridge, 1930, in Strong (ed.), Afr. Rep. Liberia Belgian Congo, 2: 778; Parker, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 10, 7: 493; (with Conraua) by Parker, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1936: 137.

Paleorana Scortecci, 1931, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano, 70: 17. Type species: Rana beccarii Boulenger, 1911, by subsequent designation of Parker, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1936: 137. Synonymy by Parker, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1936: 137.

Gigantorana Noble, 1931, Biol. Amph.: 340. Type species: Rana goliath Boulenger, 1906, by monotypy. Synonymy with Conraua by Parker, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1936: 137.

Hydrobatrachus Stadie, 1962, Zool. Anz., 169: 315, 329. Type species: Rana beccarii Boulenger, 1911, by original designation. Synonymy by Mertens, 1963, Senckenb. Biol., 44: 175-176.

Common Names

Slippery Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 98).

Giant Frogs (Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 246).

Distribution

Tropical West Africa, Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Comment

Revised by Lamotte and Perret, 1968, Bull. Inst. Fondam. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 30: 1603-1644. Considered the sister-taxon of at least the tigerina and occipitalis sections of the subgenus Euphlyctis (of Rana) by Clarke, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 285-331. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 136, placed Conraua as the sister taxon of remaining Petropedetidae. Bossuyt, Brown, Hillis, Cannatella, and Milinkovitch, 2006, Syst. Biol., 55: 579-594, corroborated this result with the exception of excluding Indirana from Petropedetidae. Channing, Rödel, and Channing, 2012, Tadpoles of Africa: 257–264, provided information on comparative larval morphology. Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 346–351, provided brief accounts, photographs, and range maps for the species. Blackburn, Nielsen, Barej, Doumbia, Hirschfeld, Kouamé, Lawson, Loader, Ofori-Boateng, Stanley, and Rödel, 2020, Zool. Scripta, 49: 684–696, provided a molecular phylogeny and discussed cryptic diversity within the genus.

Contained taxa (8 sp.):

Conraua alleni (Barbour and Loveridge, 1927)

Conraua beccarii (Boulenger, 1911)

Conraua crassipes (Buchholz and Peters, 1875)

Conraua derooi Hulselmans, 1972

Conraua goliath (Boulenger, 1906)

Conraua kamancamarai Neira-Salamea, Doumbia, Hillers, Sandberger-Loua, Kouamé, Brede, Schäfer, Blackburn, Barej, and Rödel, 2022

Conraua robusta Nieden, 1908

Conraua sagyimase Neira-Salamea, Ofori-Boateng, Kouamé, Blackburn, Segniagbeto, Hillers, Barej, Leaché, and Rödel, 2021

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