Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Epipedobates espinosai (Funkhouser, 1956)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Dendrobatoidea > Family: Dendrobatidae > Subfamily: Colostethinae > Genus: Epipedobates > Species: Epipedobates espinosai

Phyllobates espinosai Funkhouser, 1956, Zoologica, New York, 41: 76. Holotype: CAS-SU 10577, by original designation. Type locality: "Hacienda Espinosa, elevation about 1,000 ft., 9 km. west of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Province of Pichincha, northwestern Ecuador".

Dendrobates espinosai — Myers, Daly, and Malkin, 1978, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 161: 332.

Epipedobates espinosai — Myers, 1987, Pap. Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 36: 303.

Ameerega espinosai — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 130, by implication.

Epipedobates robnatali van der Horst and Woldhuis, 2006, DN Mag., 2006 (4): 42. Holotype: not designated. Type locality: near Rio Mindo on trail from Mindo, ca. 1800 m elevation, Pichincha, Ecuador. Invalid nomenclatural act under Art. 16.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) for reason of lacking explicit designation of a type.

Epipedobates darwinwallacei Cisneros-Heredia and Yánez-Muñoz, 2011 "2010", Avanc. Cienc. Ingen., Quito, Secc. B,, 2 (3): 84. Holotype: DHMECN 5854, by original designation. Type locality: " Saragoza-Río Cinto (78° 45′ 15.7″ W, 00° 07′ 44.1″ S, 1390 m), on the Lloa-Mindo old road, provincial de Pichincha, República del Ecuador ". Synonymy by López-Hervas, Santos, Ron, Betancourth-Cundar, Cannatella, and Tarvin, 2024, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 195(108065): 1.

Common Names

Espinosa Poison Frog (Walls, 1994, Jewels of the Rainforest: 25; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 50).

Turquoise-bellied Poison-arrow Frog (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 49).

Turquoise-bellied Poison Frog (CITES).

Darwin Wallace Poison-Frog (Epipedobates darwinwallacei: Arteaga-Navarro, Bustamante, and Guayasamin, 2013, Amph. Rept. Mindo: 97).

Distribution

Western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador (Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, northern Cotopaxi, Pichincha Province), at known elevations of 858 to 1719 m.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Ecuador

Endemic: Ecuador

Comment

Lötters, Jungfer, Henkel, and Schmidt, 2007, Poison Frogs: 409, provided an account and suggested that possibility that this taxon is a junior synonym of Epipedobates boulengeri. Arteaga-Navarro, Bustamante, and Guayasamin, 2013, Amph. Rept. Mindo: 97–98, provided an account and dot map for Ecuador for nominal Epipedobates darwinwallacei. Dias, Anganoy-Criollo, Guayasamin, and Grant, 2018, S. Am. J. Herpetol., 13: 54–63, discussed larval morphology of nominal Epipedobates darwinwallacei. López-Hervas, Santos, Ron, Betancourth-Cundar, Cannatella, and Tarvin, 2024, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 195(108065): 1–24, placed Epipedobates darwinwallacei into syynonymy and noted an unnamed lineage, their Epipedobates aff. espinosai, in Esmeraldas, northern Imbabura, western Pichincha, and northern Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas provinces, Ecuador.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.