Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pseudacris crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1838)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Pseudacris > Species: Pseudacris crucifer

Hyla crucifer Wied-Neuwied, 1838, Reise Innere N. Am. 1832–1834, 1 (Heft 1–6): 275. Holotype: Originally in Wied collection; location now unknown, possibly in AMNH. Type locality: "Cantonment Leavenworth" (= Fort Leavenworth), Leavenworth County, Kansas, USA (never recollected at this locality according to Rundquist, 1977, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 80: 155-158). Not clear from original description that animal actually came specifically from Leavenworth rather than anywhere between there and St. Louis, Missouri (DRF).

Hylodes pickeringii Holbrook, 1839 "1836", N. Am. Herpetol., Vers. 2, 1: 131. Types: Frog figured on pl. 27 of the original publication; not known to still exist. Type locality: "found in Massachusetts, and is particularly abundant . . . in the vicinity of Salem . . . [also] in New York . . . [and] in the neighbourhood of Philadelphia", USA. Restricted to "Danvers, Essex County, Massachusetts", USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 70, this restriction regarded as invalid by Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 359, for reason of not being based on disclosed evidence. See discussion of publication by Adler, 1976, Holbrook’s N. Am. Herpetol.: xxxvii, and comment associated with Salamandra salmonea. Synonymy by Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 353; by Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept.: 32.

Hylodes pickeringii — Storer, 1839, Rep. Ichthyol. Herpetol. Massachusetts: 240.

Hyla pickeringii — Holbrook, 1840, N. Am. Herpetol., 4: 135; Jordan, 1878, Man. Vert. North. U.S., Ed. 2: 189.

Acris pickeringii — Jan, 1857, Cenni Mus. Civ. Milano: 53; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 71.

Hyliola pickeringii — Mocquard, 1899, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, 1: 339.

Hyla crucifera — Myers, 1927 "1926", Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 36: 338; Myers, 1929, Copeia, 170: 22–23.

Hyla crucifera crucifera — Harper, 1939, Not. Nat., Philadelphia, 27: 1.

Hyla crucifera bartramiana Harper, 1939, Not. Nat., Philadelphia, 27: 1. Holotype: ANSP 21526, by original designation. Type locality: "4 miles west of Folkston, Charlton County, G[eorgi]a.", USA. Distinctiveness from Pseudacris crucifer crucifer rejected by Moriarty and Cannatella, 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30: 417.

Parapseudacris crucifer — Hardy and Burrows, 1986, Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 22: 80.

Pseudacris crucifer — Hedges, 1986, Syst. Zool., 35: 11; Silva, 1997, J. Herpetol., 31: 612.

Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana — Stevenson and Crowe, 1992, Herpetol. Rev., 23: 86; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12.

Pseudacris crucifer crucifer — Stevenson and Crowe, 1992, Herpetol. Rev., 23: 86, by implication.

Hyla crucifer — Cocroft, 1994, Herpetologica, 50: 420–437.

Pseudacris (Limnaoedus) crucifer — Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 359.

Common Names

Piping Tree Toad (Hylodes pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Verrill, 1863, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 198).

Pickering's Hylodes (Hylodes pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Storer, 1839, Rep. Ichthyol. Herpetol. Massachusetts: 240; Storer, 1840, Boston J. Nat. Hist., 3: 47).

Pickering's Tree Toad (Hyla pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Jordan, 1878, Man. Vert. North. U.S., Ed. 2: 189; Davis and Rice, 1883, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1: 27; Fowler, 1907, Annu. Rep. N.J. State Mus. for 1906: 105).

Pickering's Tree Frog (Hyla pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Hay, 1892, Annu. Rep. Dept. Geol. Nat. Res. Indiana for 1891: 466; Rhoads, 1895, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 47: 396).

Spring Peeper (Hyla pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Dickerson, 1906, The Frog Book: 138).

Peeper (Hyla pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Brimley, 1907, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 23: 158).

Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer: Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x; Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 3: 34; Smith, 1934, Am. Midl. Nat., 15: 470; Carr, 1940, Univ. Florida Biol. Sci. Ser., 3: 59; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 70; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 319; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 62; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 12; Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 9; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 7; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 19; Frost, Lemmon, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 17).

Southern Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer bartramiana [no longer recognized]: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 70; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 320; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 62; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 12).

Northern Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer crucifer [no longer recognized]: Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 70; Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Conant, 1975, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. Cent. N. Am., Ed. 2: 320; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 63; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 12).

Pickering's Hyla (Hyla pickeringi [no longer recognized]: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 24).

Distribution

Eastern North America from East Texas (USA) to southeastern Manitoba (Canada) then east, excluding peninsular Florida; introduced at Marianao and Canasí, Cuba.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Canada, United States of America, United States of America - Alabama, United States of America - Arkansas, United States of America - Connecticut, United States of America - District of Columbia, United States of America - Florida, United States of America - Georgia, United States of America - Illinois, United States of America - Indiana, United States of America - Iowa, United States of America - Kansas, United States of America - Kentucky, United States of America - Louisiana, United States of America - Maine, United States of America - Maryland, United States of America - Massachusetts, United States of America - Michigan, United States of America - Minnesota, United States of America - Mississippi, United States of America - Missouri, United States of America - New Hampshire, United States of America - New Jersey, United States of America - New York, United States of America - North Carolina, United States of America - Ohio, United States of America - Oklahoma, United States of America - Pennsylvania, United States of America - Rhode Island, United States of America - South Carolina, United States of America - South Dakota, United States of America - Tennessee, United States of America - Texas, United States of America - Vermont, United States of America - Virginia, United States of America - West Virginia, United States of America - Wisconsin

Introduced: Cuba

Comment

In the Pseudacris crucifer group of Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 294: 106. Forester and Czarnowsky, 1985, Behavior, 92: 112–127, reported on variation in the advertisement call. Cocroft and Ryan, 1995, Animal Behav., 49: 283–303, discussed advertisement call in an evolutionary context. Austin, Lougheed, Neidrauer, Chek, and Boag, 2002, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 25: 316–329, reported on molecular phylogeography within the species, noting that no subspecies can be recognized although secondary post-Pleistocene contact zones are evident between former refugia. Moriarty and Cannatella, 2004, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30: 409–420, discussed the lack of distinguishable subspecies. Busack, 1977, Herpetol. Rev., 8: 13, provided a record for South Dakota. Butterfield, Lannoo, and Nanjappa, 2005, in Lannoo (ed.), Amph. Declines: 472–474, and Dodd, 2013, Frogs U.S. and Canada, 1: 331–348, provided accounts that summarized the range and relevant literature. Elliot, Gerhardt, and Davidson, 2009, Frogs and Toads of N. Am.: 76–79, provided an account, photos, and advertisement call. Altig and McDiarmid, 2015, Handb. Larval Amph. US and Canada: 205–206, provided an account of larval morphology and biology. Cairns, Cicchino, Stewart, Austin, and Lougheed, 2021, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 156 (107042): 1–13, discussed molecular phylogeography and discordance with call evolution. Guyer and Bailey, 2023, Frogs and Toads of Alabama: 171–174, provided a detailed account for the species in Alabama, USA. Bassett, 2023, Reptiles & Amphibians, 30(e18486): 1–18, provided an updated county distribution map for Texas, USA.

External links:

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For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.