Pseudacris regilla (Baird and Girard, 1852)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Hylidae > Subfamily: Hylinae > Genus: Pseudacris > Species: Pseudacris regilla

Hyla regilla Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 174. Syntypes: Not stated; USNM 9182 (Puget Sound), USNM 15409 (Sacramento River) according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 58, and MCZ 2149 (exchanged from USNM according to Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 280); USNM 9182 designated lectotype by Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 553. Type locality: "Sacramento River, in Oregon [now California] and Puget Sound [, Washington]", USA; restricted (in error) to "Seattle, King County", Washington, USA, by Smith and Taylor, 1950, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 33: 363; restricted to "Sacramento County, California", USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 72; restricted to "Fort Vancouver, Washington", USA, by Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 553, a locality they associated with USNM 9182, although this location is on the Columbia River on the Oregon line, and the published type locality is on Puget Sound at the northwestern side of Washington. See Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 357, for further discussion. 

Hyla scapularis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 183. Holotype: Not stated; ANSP 1978, according to Malnate, 1971, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 123: 352. Type locality: "Oregon Territory"; restricted to Vancouver, Washington, USA, by Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 72. Synonymy by Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 6: 301; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 374; Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 356.

Hyla scapularis var. hypochondriaca Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7: 97. Syntypes: Not stated; USNM 3235 (8 specimens) according to Test, 1898, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 21: 477-492. Type locality: "Tejon Pass", Los Angeles County, California, USA. Synonym with Hyla regilla by Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 1–249.  

Hyla curta Cope, 1867 "1866", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18: 313. Syntypes: USNM 5293 (17 specimens) according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 52. Type locality: "Cape San Lucas", Baja California del Sur, Mexico; corrected to "in a spring at Soria, 15 miles north of Cape San Lucas, Baja California [del Sur], Mexico" by Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 52. Synonymy with Hyla regilla by Test, 1898, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 21: 480; Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 585.

Hyla regillaBoulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 374.

Hyla regilla var. scapularisCope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 356.

Hyla regilla var. regillaCope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 356.

Hyla regilla var. laticeps Cope, 1889, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 34: 359. Syntypes: USNM 5308 (12 specimens) (according to Cochran, 1961, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 220: 59) and MCZ 3729 (on exchange from USNM, according to Barbour and Loveridge, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69: 280). Type locality: "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California", Baja California del Sur, Mexico. Synonymy with Pseudacris hypochondriaca curta by implication of Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293-304.

Hyliola regillaMocquard, 1899, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 4, 1: 337, 339.

Hyla regilla pacifica Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 591. Holotype: CAS 101007, by original designation. Type locality: "Big Creek State Park, 4 miles S. of Waldport, Lincoln County, Oregon", USA.

Hyla regilla cascadae Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 379. Holotype: CAS 101038, by original designation. Type locality: "Bend, Oregon, Deschutes County, one-half mile south of Bend; R12E, T18S, S9NW, 3,750 feet [elevation]", USA.

Hyla regilla sierra Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 605. Holotype: CAS 100991, by original designation. Type locality: "1 1/4 miles SSE. of Tioga Pass Ranger Station (east of entrance to Yosemite National Park); R25E, T1N, S31, 9.600 feet [elevation]", California, USA.

Hyla regilla sierrae Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 606–610. Alternative spelling (used throughout the publication except at the head of the description), presumably the intended spelling. However, after 50 years of usage it would seem problematic to resurrect this spelling (DRF). Incorrect original spelling. 

Hyla regilla palouse Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 599. Holotype: CAS 100982, by original designation. Type locality: "6 miles SE. of La Grande, Oregon, at the junction of highways US 30 and Oregon 203, 2,800 feet [elevation]", USA.

Hyla regilla curta — Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 585.

Hyla regilla deserticola Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 582. Holotype: SDSNH 54176, by original designation. Type locality: "San Borjas, Baja California [del Norte]", Mexico. Synonymy with Pseudacris hypochondriaca hypochondriaca by implication of Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304.

Hyla regilla hypochondriaca — Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 588. Duellman, 1970, Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas: 492. Distinctiveness from Hyla regilla deserticola rejected by Duellman, 1970, Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas: 487. Distinctiveness from Hyla regilla curta rejected by Grismer, McGuire, and Hollingsworth, 1994, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 93: 45–80.

Pseudacris regillaHedges, 1986, Syst. Zool., 35: 11; Silva, 1997, J. Herpetol., 31: 609–613.

Hyla regillaCocroft, 1994, Herpetologica, 50: 420-437.

Pseudacris pacificaRecuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304.

Pseudacris regillaRecuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 41: 511.

Pseudacris sierra — Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 41: 511.

Pseudacris hypochondriaca — Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304.

Pseudacris hypochondriaca hypochondriaca — Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304.

Pseudacris hypochondriaca curta — Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304.

Pseudacris (Hyliola) sierra — Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 358. 

Hyliola sierra — Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016, Zootaxa, 4104: 10. 

Pseudacris (Hyliola) regillaFouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 356. 

Hyliola regilla — Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016, Zootaxa, 4104: 10. 

Pseudacris (Hyliola) hypochondriaca hypochondriaca — Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 356. 

Hyliola hypochondriaca — Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016, Zootaxa, 4104: 10. 

Common Names

Pacific Hyla (Pseudacris regilla: Yarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 24).

Oregon Wood Frog (Pseudacris regilla: Cooper, 1859, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr.: 304; Cooper, 1860, Rep. Upon Explor Surv. Route Railroad Mississippi–Pacific Ocean, 12 (Book 2, Pt. 3, No. 4): 304).

Pacific Tree Frog (Pseudacris regilla: Test, 1898, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus., 21: 477; Wright and Wright, 1933, Handb. Frogs Toads U.S. Canada: x; Dickerson, 1906, The Frog Book: 134; Schmidt, 1953, Check List N. Am. Amph. Rept., Ed. 6: 72).

Pacific Tree-toad (Pseudacris regilla: Grinnell and Storer, 1924, Animal Life in the Yosemite: 661; Storer, 1925, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 27: 43; Stebbins, 1951, Amph. W. North Am.: 322).

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla: Conant, Cagle, Goin, Lowe, Neill, Netting, Schmidt, Shaw, Stebbins, and Bogert, 1956, Copeia, 1956: 176; Stebbins, 1966, Field Guide W. North Am. Rept. Amph.: 69; Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 11; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 12; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 12; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 20; Frost, Lemmon, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 18).

Pacific Chorus Frog (Pseudacris regilla: Liner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 26; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 63; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 7).

Northern Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla regilla: Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Northern Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla: Frost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 10).

Cascade Mountain Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla cascadae: Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Western Oregon Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla pacifica: Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Eastern Oregon Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla palouseCrother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Sierran Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla sierraCrother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Sierran Treefrog (Pseudacris sierraFrost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 10; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 20; Frost, Lemmon, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 18).

Sierra Chorus Frog (Pseudacris sierraCollins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 7).

Cape St. Lucas Tree Frog (Pseudacris regilla curtaYarrow, 1882, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 24: 23).

Baja California Chorus Frog (Pseudacris regilla curtaLiner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 26).

California Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla curtaCrother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

Desert Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla deserticolaCrother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 13).

San Lucan Chorus Frog (Pseudacris regilla curtaLiner, 1994, Herpetol. Circ., 23: 26).

Baja California Treefrog (Pseudacris hypochondriacaFrost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 10; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 21; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 19; Frost, Lemmon, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 17).

Baja California Chorus Frog (Pseudacris hypochondriacaCollins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 7).

Northern Baja California Treefrog (Pseudacris hypochondriaca hypochondriacaFrost, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2008, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 37: 10 [in error as Pseudacris hypochondriaca curta]; Liner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 21 [in error as Pseudacris hypochondriaca curta]; Frost, McDiarmid, Mendelson, and Green, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 19; Frost, Lemmon, McDiarmid, and Mendelson, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 17).

San Lucan Treefrog (Pseudacris hypochondriaca hypochondriacaLiner and Casas-Andreu, 2008, Herpetol. Circ., 38: 21).

Distribution

Pacific Northwest of British Columbia (Canada), Washington, Idaho, western Montana, south through California, northwestern Utah, western and southwestern Nevada, adjacent northwestern Arizona, and southern California, south to the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico. 

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Canada, Mexico, United States of America, United States of America - Arizona, United States of America - California, United States of America - Idaho, United States of America - Montana, United States of America - Nevada, United States of America - Oregon, United States of America - Utah, United States of America - Washington

Introduced: United States of America - Alaska

Comment

 Whitney, 1981, Copeia, 1981: 230–233, described vocalizations in a population in British Columbia, Canada. Cocroft and Ryan, 1995, Animal Behav., 49: 283–303, discussed advertisement call in an evolutionary context. In the Pseudacris regilla group of Faivovich, Haddad, Garcia, Frost, Campbell, and Wheeler, 2005, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 294: 106. Before its transferral to Pseudacris, considered a member of the Hyla eximia group. See (as Hyla regilla) Jameson, Mackey, and Richmond, 1966, Proc. California Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 33: 551–620, and Duellman, 1970, Monogr. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas: 484–493; seven subspecies are recognized. Highton, 2000, in Bruce et al., Biol. Plethodontid Salamanders: 234, discussed the previously published allozyme evidence (including that of Case, Haneline, and Smith, 1975, Syst. Zool., 24: 281-295) and suggested that the existing genetic data are not consistent with this being a single species. Grismer, 2002, Amph. Rept. Baja California: 75–78, provided an account for the Mexican population (as part of Pseudacris regilla). Escobar, Youmans, and Grismer, 2002, Herpetol. Rev., 33: 317, provided a subsequent Baja California record (as Pseudacris regilla), closing a distributional gap. Stebbins, 2003, Field Guide W. Rept. Amph., Ed. 3: 222–223, provided a brief account, figure, and map. Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304, partitioned this taxon into Pseudacris pacifica (northern part of range), Pseudacris regilla (central part of former range), and Pseudacris hypochondriaca (southern part of former range). However, due to an inadvertent misapplication of names, the oldest names for the northern range is actually Pseudacris regilla and for the central part of the range the oldest available name is Pseudacris sierra (Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 41: 511). Rorabaugh and Lannoo, 2005, in Lannoo (ed.), Amph. Declines: 478–484, provided a detailed account that summarized the literature (in the sense of including Pseudacris sierrae and Pseudacris hypochondrialis). Recuero, Martínez-Solano, Parra-Olea, and García-París, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 39: 293–304, partitioned this taxon into a restricted Pseudacris regillaPseudacris sierra (of central California, eastern Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, USA), but did not detail the range and the zone of contact with both Pseudacris regilla and Pseudacris hypochondriaca is not documented. See comment under Pseudacris regillaElliot, Gerhardt, and Davidson, 2009, Frogs and Toads of N. Am.: 108–111, provided an account (in the sense of including Pseudacris hypochondriaca and Pseudacris sierrae), photos, and advertisement call. Welsh, Clark, Franco-Vizcaíno, and Valdéz-Villavicencio, 2010, Southwest. Nat., 55: 581–585, discussed the range (as Pseudacris regilla) in northern Baja California, Mexico. Dodd, 2013, Frogs U.S. and Canada, 1: 400–416, provided an account that summarized the relevant literature and suggested (citing a personal communication from Gregory Pauly) that recognition of Pseudacris sierrae and Pseudacris hypochondrialis is premature because the published evidence might be wrong. Barrow, Ralicki, Emme, and Lemmon, 2014, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 75: 78–90, reported on species tree estimation, reported on significant mtDNA and nuDNA discordance due to inter-species introgression and possible incomplete sorting and discussed the taxonomic difficulties associated with the recognition of species within Pseudacris regilla sensu lato. However, these author took no taxonomic remedy and the allozymic evidence presented by Case, Haneline, and Smith, 1975, Syst. Zool., 24: 281–295, remains consistent with recognition of three species within Pseudacris regilla sensu lato: Pseudacris regilla, Pseudacris sierrae, and Pseudacris hypochondriaca. Nevertheless, as suggested by Barrow et al., 2014, considerable work on the Pacific Coast of the USA is warranted. Altig and McDiarmid, 2015, Handb. Larval Amph. US and Canada: 208–209, provided an account of larval morphology and biology. Waters, Hassler, and Norman, 1998, Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc., 33: 124–127, reported on the history of introduction of the population on Ketchikan Island, southern Alaska, USA. Jadin, Orlofske, Jezkova, and Blair, 2021, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 132: 612–623, provided a mtDNA analysis that supported the species distinction (as Hyliola) of Pseudacris regilla, Pseudacris sierra, and Pseudacris hypochondriacaVélez and Guajardo, 2021, Bioacoustics, 30: 437–457, reported on the advertisement call (as Hyliola regilla). Jadin, Orlofske, Jezkova, and Blair, 2021, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 132: 612–623, corroborated the species status of this taxon (as Hyliola hypochondriaca), but still did not address the ambiguity of the nuDNA evidence. 

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