Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Neobatrachus Peters, 1863

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Myobatrachoidea > Family: Limnodynastidae > Genus: Neobatrachus

9 species

Neobatrachus Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 234. Type species: Neobatrachus pictus Peters, 1863, by monotypy.

Neoruinosus Wells and Wellington, 1985, Aust. J. Herpetol., Suppl. Ser., 1: 3. Type species: Heleioporus sudelli Lamb, 1911, by original designation. Synonymy by Roberts, 2010, Rec. W. Aust. Mus., 25: 455–458. See Tyler, 1985, Herpetol. Rev., 16: 69; Australian Society of Herpetologists, 1987, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 44: 116–121; Tyler, 1988, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 45: 152; Holthius, 1988, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 45 and decision by ICZN (Anonymous, 1991, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., 48: 337–338).

Common Names

Stubby Frogs (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 95).

Distribution

Australia, excluding Tasmania.

Comment

Significance of call variation among tetraploid species discussed by Roberts, 1997, Aust. J. Zool., 45: 95–112; see also Roberts, Maxson, and Plummer, 1996, in Hopper et al. (eds.), Gondwana Heritage: 287–291. See Barker, Grigg, and Tyler, 1995, Field Guide Aust. Frogs., Ed. 2, for keys and accounts. Mable and Roberts, 1997, Copeia, 1997: 680–689, and Roberts, 1997, Aust. J. Zool., 45: 791–801, discussed the evidence for the evolution of the tetraploid species, Neobatracus sudelli, Neobatrachus centralis, Neobatrachus aquilonius, and Neobatrachus kunapalari. Burton, 2001, Aust. J. Zool., 49: 539–559, suggested that Neobatrachus is the sister taxon of Heleioporus. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, placed Neobatrachus as the sister taxon of Notaden + Opisthodon (now Platyplectrum) + Lechriodus. Henle, 2010, Amphibia-Reptilia, 31: 283–286, discussed difficulty in discrimination on the basis of morphology of Neobatrachus centralis, Neobatrachus sudelli, and Neobatrachus pictus. Roberts, 2010, Rec. W. Aust. Mus., 25: 455–458, discussed taxonomic issues and problems in determinations of ranges. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed the monophyly of the group and provided a tree of their molecular exemplars. Cogger, 2018, Rept. Amph. Australia, 7th ed.: 54–59, provided an identification key, brief accounts, photographs, and polygon distribution maps of the species.

Contained taxa (9 sp.):

Neobatrachus albipes Roberts, Mahony, Kendrick, and Majors, 1991

Neobatrachus aquilonius Tyler, Davies, and Martin, 1981

Neobatrachus fulvus Mahony and Roberts, 1986

Neobatrachus kunapalari Mahony and Roberts, 1986

Neobatrachus pelobatoides (Werner, 1914)

Neobatrachus pictus Peters, 1863

Neobatrachus sudelli (Lamb, 1911)

Neobatrachus sutor Main, 1957

Neobatrachus wilsmorei (Parker, 1940)

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