Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ptychadena bibroni (Hallowell, 1845)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ptychadenidae > Genus: Ptychadena > Species: Ptychadena bibroni

Rana Bibroni Hallowell, 1845, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2: 249. Syntypes: Not stated, although only one specimen noted and this presumed to be in the ANSP collection; MNHNP (6 specimens) considered syntypes, of which MNHNP 513 designated lectotype by Lamotte and Ohler, 1997, Zoosystema, 19: 535. Type locality: "Liberia, W. Africa".

Rana (Ptychadena) bibroni — De Witte, 1921, Rev. Zool. Afr., 9: 6; Parker, 1936, Zool. Meded., Leiden, 19: 88; Guibé and Lamotte, 1955, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Ser. 2, 27: 357. Based on specimens of Ptychadena pujoli according to Lamotte and Ohler, 1997, Zoosystema, 19: 531-543.); Perret and Mertens, 1957, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 19: 567. Based on Ptychadena arnei, according to Perret, 1997, Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 120: 77.

Rana (Ptychadena) maccarthyensis Andersson, 1937, Ark. Zool., 29(16): 9. Syntypes: ZIUS (5 specimens in original description); MCZ 23030 (on exchange from Stockholm high school) reported as a type by Barbour and Loveridge, 1946, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 96: 183. Type locality: "MacCarthy Island in the Gambia river about 330 km from its mouth". Synonymy by Lamotte and Ohler, 1997, Zoosystema, 19: 533-534.

Ptychadena bibroni Laurent, 1950, Publ. Cult. Companhia Diamantes Angola, 6: 135 (14 in preprint); Laurent, 1954, Publ. Cult. Companhia Diamantes Angola, 23: 134 (15 of preprint).

Ptychadena bibroni — Guibé and Lamotte, 1957, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 19: 942; Lamotte, 1967, Bull. Inst. Fondam. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 29: 241. Based on specimens of Ptychadena pujoli according to Lamotte and Ohler, 1997, Zoosystema, 19: 531-543.

Rana (Ptychadena) maccarthyensis — Guibé and Lamotte, 1957, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 19: 954; Dubois, 1981, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 15: 233; by implication.

Ptychadena maccarthyensis — Schiøtz, 1963, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., 125: 23; Lamotte, 1967, Bull. Inst. Fondam. Afr. Noire, Ser. A, 29: 238; Perret, 1979, Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 102: 17; Dubois, 1987 "1986", Alytes, 5: 56; by implication.

Ptychadena mossambica maccarthyensis — Böhme, 1978, Bonn. Zool. Beitr., 29: 371, by implication.

Ptychadena mascareniensis bibroni — Perret, 1979, Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 102: 7-17.

Ptychadena (Ptychadena) maccarthyensis — Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 316.

English Names

MacCarthy Grassland Frog (Ptychadena maccarthyensis [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 105).

Broad-banded Grass Frog (Ptychadena bibroni: Barnett, Emms, and Santoni, 2001, Herpetol. Bull., London, 77: 8).

Bibron's Grass Frog (Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 326).

Distribution

Gambia and Mauretania to northeastern Dem. Rep. Congo (Garamba), presumably in South Sudan.

Comment

See accounts by (as Rana maccarthyensis) Inger, 1968, Explor. Parc Natl. Garamba, Miss. H. de Saeger, 52: 63, and (as Ptychadena maccarthyensis) Perret, 1979, Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 102: 17, and (as Ptychadena bibroni) by Lamotte and Ohler, 1997, Zoosystema, 19: 531-543. Rödel, 2000, Herpetofauna W. Afr., 1: 96-109, provided an account and discussed various confusions in the literature. See also Perret, 1999, Bull. Soc. Neuchatel. Sci. Nat., 122: 109-112. Padial and De la Riva, 2004, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 18: 94, provided records from Mauritania. Nago, Grell, Sinsin, and Rödel, 2006, Salamandra, 42: 93-108, provided a record for Benin. Schiøtz, 1963, Vidensk. Medd. Dansk Naturhist. Foren., 125: 23, provided records for Nigeria. Emms, Jambang, Bah, Mankali, Rödel, and Barnett, 2005, Herpetol. Bull., London, 94: 6-16, provided records for Gambia. Channing, Rödel, and Channing, 2012, Tadpoles of Africa: 306, provided information on comparative larval morphology. Dehling and Sinsch, 2013, Zool. Anz., 253: 143-157, suggested on the basis of 16s mtDNA distance that an unnamed species conflated with this species is found in Gabon. This species in Mauritania discussed by Sánchez-Vialas, Calvo-Revuelta, and Márquez, 2017, ZooKeys, 673: 125–133. Rödel and Glos, 2019, Zoosyst. Evol., 95: 26, reported on Ptychadena cf. bibroni from the Krahn-Bassa Proposed Protected Area in southeastern Liberia and the Foya Proposed Protected Area in western Liberia, and commented on identification and habitat preference. See detailed account for Mauretania by Escoriza and Ben Hassine, 2019, Amph. N. Afr.: 263–266. Channing and Rödel, 2019, Field Guide Frogs & Other Amph. Afr.: 326–327, provided a brief account, photograph, and range map. Ayoro, Segniagbeto, Hema, Penner, Oueda, Dubois, Rödel, Kabré, and Ohler, 2020, Zoosystema, 42: 547–582, discussed records, identification, and habitat in Burkina Faso.

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