Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Amolops afghanus (Günther, 1858)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Ranidae > Genus: Amolops > Species: Amolops afghanus

Polypedates afghana Günther, 1858, Arch. Naturgesch., 24: 325. Syntypes: BM (1 adult, 2 larvae) according to Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 81.BM 1947.2.27.93 designated lectotype by Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 67. Type locality: "Afghanistan" (in error; see comments by Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 69-70).

Amolops afghanus — Cope, 1865, Nat. Hist. Rev., N.S., 5: 117.

Ixalus kakhienensis Anderson, 1879 "1878", Anat. Zool. Res.: 845. Holotype: Presumably originally in the ZSIC; probably lost, according to Bossuyt and Dubois, 2001, Zeylanica, 6: 28. Type locality: "In field, in the Nampoung valley, 1,000 feet", Myanmar. Tentative synonymy by Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 69.

Rana afghana — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 69.

Rana (Polypedates) afghana —Boulenger In Mason, 1882, Burma, Ed. 3: 499. Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, Ser. 2, 5: 420, noted that marmoratus is preoccupied in Rana by Pyxicephalus marmoratus Peters, 1855 (= Tomopterna marmorata).

Staurois afghanus — Pope and Boring, 1940, Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 15: 47. Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 358.

Amolops afghanus — Inger, 1966, Fieldiana, Zool., 52: 256, by implication; Tian, Jiang, Wu, Hu, Zhao, and Huang, 1986, Handb. Chinese Amph. Rept.: 62; Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990, Key to Chinese Amph.: 166.

English Names

Meghalaya Stream Frog (Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 64 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Afghan Frog (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 90 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Cascade Frog (Shrestha, 2001, Herpetol. Nepal: 90 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Torrent Frog (Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 236 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Günther's Stream Frog (Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 50 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Ang-ka Pad-disced Frog (Nutphund, 2001, Amph. Thailand: 99 [probably not based on Amolops afghanus, DRF]).

Distribution

Known with certainty only from Kachin state, northern Myanmar, and Yunnan Province, China; records for other nations (e.g., Nepal and India) are problematic and very likely apply to other species.

Comment

Resurrected from the synonymy of Amolops marmoratus by Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 69, where it had been placed by Anderson, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871: 209; Anderson, 1879 "1878", Anat. Zool. Res.: 842; Mason, 1882, Burma, Ed. 3: 294; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 69; and Bourret, 1942, Batr. Indochine: 390, but this was disputed by later authors. Most recently placed in the synonymy of Amolops marmoratus by Dubois, 1992, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 61: 340, although this synonymy without discussion not followed by Liu, Yang, Ferraris, and Matsui, 2000, Copeia, 2000: 536-541. With respect to Polypedates afghana, no Amolops species has subsequently been collected in Afghanistan and Boulenger, 1890, Fauna Brit. India, Rept. Batr.: 462-463, considered Günther's Polypedates afghana to be conspecific with Boulenger's Rana latopalmata (currently residing with some difficulty in the synonymy of Amolops marmoratus, although clearly not the same species) which he regarded as not occurring in Afghanistan. Dever, Fuiten, Konu, and Wilkinson, 2012, Copeia, 2012: 57-76, most recently revised and delimited the species. Subba, Aravind, and Ravikanth, 2016, Check List, 13(1: 2033): 12, considered the presence of this species in Sikkim, India, to be doubtful. Lyu, Zeng, Wan, Yang, Li, Pang, and Wang, 2019, Zootaxa, 4609: 247–268, discussed the application of the name Amolops afghanus, confusion with Amolops marmoratus, and the range of Amolops afghanus in China.

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