Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Rhinoderma rufum (Philippi, 1902)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Rhinodermatidae > Genus: Rhinoderma > Species: Rhinoderma rufum

Heminectes rufus Philippi, 1902, Supl. Batr. Chil. Descr. Hist. Fis. Polit. Chile: 10. Holotype: MNHNC according to the original publication, lost, although illustrated by Cei, 1958, Invest. Zool. Chilen., 4: 279; IZUA A 1323 (from type locality) designated neotype by Formas, Pugin, and Jorquera, 1975, Physis, Buenos Aires, 34: 150; destroyed by fire on 3 December 2007. Type locality: "Vichuquen", Curicó Province, Chile; neotype from same locality.

Rhinoderma rufum — Formas, Pugin, and Jorquera, 1975, Physis, Buenos Aires, 34: 148.

Common Names

Chile Darwin's Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 114).

Distribution

Coastal Range, from Curico Province to Ramadillas in Arauco Province, Chile, 0–500 m elevation. See comment regarding provisional taxonomic status.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Chile

Endemic: Chile

Comment

Likely extinct; see Busse and Werning, 2002, Zool. Ges. Arten Populations. Mitt., 18: 16–18, who detailed the taxonomic history and disappearance of this species. Penna and Veloso, 1990, J. Herpetol., 24: 23–33, reported on advertisement call. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 541. Bourke, Busse, and Böhme, 2012, North-West. J. Zool., Romania, 8: 99–106, discussed the range and possible causes of decline. Formas, 2013, Zootaxa, 3641: 395–400, reported on the larval external morphology, oral morphology, and skeleton. See Charrier, 2019, Anf. Bosques Centro Sur y Patagonia de Chile: 248–249, for account (morphology, habitat, natural history) and polygon distribution map. Mella-Romero, Lamilla-Maulén, and Maya-Miranda, 2021, Bol. Chil. Herpetol., 8: 60–62, discussed the southern limit of the range and rejected records from Isla Mocha or Nahuelbuta National Park, Chile. Bidart-Enriquez, Serrano-Serrano, Penna, and Velásquez, 2025, Rev. Latinoam. Herpetol., 8: 177–133, suggested, on the basis of study of advertisement calls and morphology, that this species cannot adequately be distinguished from Rhinoderma darwini. But, they suggested that the nominal species species might be maintained pending genetic studies. DRF takes the conservative position here inasmuch as the conservation issues are severe if this particular synonymy is made without genetic studies.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist