Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Plethodontidae > Subfamily: Hemidactyliinae > Genus: Gyrinophilus > Species: Gyrinophilus subterraneus

Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977, Copeia, 1977: 626. Holotype: USNM 198533, by original designation. Type locality: "General Davis Cave, a few km NE Alderson, Greenbrier Co[unty]., West Virginia", USA.

Gyrinophilus subterraneus — Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 7; Petranka, 1998, Salamand. U.S. Canada: 280.

Common Names

West Virginia Spring Salamander (Collins, Huheey, Knight, and Smith, 1978, Herpetol. Circ., 7: 7; Collins, 1997, Herpetol. Circ., 25: 7; Crother, Boundy, Campbell, de Queiroz, Frost, Highton, Iverson, Meylan, Reeder, Seidel, Sites, Taggart, Tilley, and Wake, 2001 "2000", Herpetol. Circ., 29: 24; Collins and Taggart, 2009, Standard Common Curr. Sci. Names N. Am. Amph. Turtles Rept. Crocodil., ed. 6: 13; Tilley, Highton, and Wake, 2012, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 39: 28; Powell, Conant, and Collins, 2016, Field Guide Rept. Amph. E. North Am., 4th ed.: 70; Highton, Bonett, and Jockusch, 2017, in Crother (ed.), Herpetol. Circ., 43: 29).

Distribution

Known only from the General Davis Cave system, Greenbrier County, West Virginia, USA.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: United States of America, United States of America - West Virginia

Endemic: United States of America, United States of America - West Virginia

Comment

Considered an extreme variant of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus by Blaney and Blaney, 1978, Proc. W. Virginia Acad. Sci., 50: 23. See Petranka, 1998, Salamand. U.S. Canada: 280, 287–288, for discussion of the controversy and an account. Howard, Raesly, and Thompson, 1984, in McComb (ed.), Proc. Workshop Management Nongame Spec. Ecol. Comm.: 318–326, provided allozyme evidence for species distinctiveness. See map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 575. Fouquette and Dubois, 2014, Checklist N.A. Amph. Rept.: 121, continued recognition of this species on exactly the same kind of evidence that they employed to synonymize Gyrinophilus palleucus into Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, which is that some populations of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus are more closely related to this species than to other populations of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus; which can also be construed as evidence that Gyrinophilus porphyriticus is not one species. See comment under Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 235, provided a brief account, photographs, and map. Altig and McDiarmid, 2015, Handb. Larval Amph. US and Canada: 120, provided an account of larval morphology and biology. Campbell Grant, Mulder, Brand, Chambers, Wynn, Capshaw, Niemiller, Phillips, Jacobs, Kuchta, and Bell, 2022, Conserv. Genetics, 23: 727–244, reported on a hybrid zone with partial reproductive isolated between this species and adjacent population of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 519–520, provided an account, summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map). Tighe, 2022, Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 654: 35, noted the current location of paratypes.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.