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Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
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Triturus pygmaeus (Wolterstorff, 1905)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Caudata > Family: Salamandridae > Subfamily: Pleurodelinae > Genus: Triturus > Species: Triturus pygmaeus

Triton marmoratus forma pygmaea Wolterstorff, 1905, C. R. Séances 6th Congr. Internatl. Zool., Berne, 1904: 260. Type(s): MM, destroyed in W.W.II, according to Tyler, Fucsko, and Roberts, 2023, Zootaxa, 5230: 162. Type locality: "Südspanien, um Cadix und Algeciras"; restricted to "Cadiz, Südspanien [= southern Spain]" by Mertens and Müller, 1928, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 41: 12.

Triturus marmoratus pygmaeus — Mertens and Müller, 1928, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 41: 12.

Triturus pygmaeus — García-París, Arano, and Herrero, 2001, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 15: 115.

Triturus (Pyronicia) pygmaeus — Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2009, Alytes, 26: 67.

Triturus pygmaeus pygmaus — Arntzen, 2023, Contrib. Zool., Amsterdam, : 23.

Triturus pygmaeus lusitanicus Arntzen, 2023, Contrib. Zool., Amsterdam, : 23. Holotype: MNCN 51799, by original designation. Type locality: "Granja, Portugal, at 7.262 western longitude and 38.318 northern latitude, elevation 160 m above sea level". Zoobank publication registration: 83C95223-3AB5-4EEF-B596-E5F7F05CCA9D (November 2023).

Common Names

Southern Marbled Newt (Steward, 1969, Tailed Amph. Eur.: 40; Arnold, 2002, Rept. Amph. Eur., Ed. 2: 42).

Pygmy Marbled Newt (Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 141).

Lusitanian Pygmy Newt (Triturus pygmaeus lusitanicus: Arntzen, 2023, Contrib. Zool., Amsterdam, : 24).

Distribution

Central-southwestern Spain and southern Portugal, below 1450 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Portugal, Spain

Comment

García-París, Arano, and Herrero, 2001, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 15: 115–126, discussed the lack of intergradation with Triturus marmoratus and considered this population a distinct species. Arnold, 2002, Rept. Amph. Eur., Ed. 2: 42, provided a brief account, figure, and map. See account by Herrero, Montori, and Arano, 2003, in Grossenbacher and Thiesmeier (eds.), Handbuch Rept. Amph. Eur., 4(IIA): 543–553. Raffaëlli, 2013, Urodeles du Monde, 2nd ed.: 136, provided a brief account, photo, and map. Espregueira Themudo and Arntzen, 2007, Herpetol. J., 17: 24–30, reported on genetic distinctiveness in parapatry with Triturus marmoratus. See statement of geographic range, habitat, and conservation status in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 642–643. Wielstra and Arntzen, 2011, BMC Evol. Biol., 11(162): 1–8, reported ln the molecular phylogenetics of the species and its near relatives. Wielstra, Sillero, Vörös, and Arntzen, 2014, Amphibia-Reptilia, 35: 376–381, provided a dot map. Sparreboom, 2014, Salamanders Old World: 354–356, reviewed the biology, characteristics, distribution, reproduction, and conservation of the species. Arntzen, Wielstra, and Wallis, 2014, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 113: 604–622, reported on hybrid/contact zone with Triturus marmoratus. Speybroeck, Beukema, Bok, and Van Der Voort, 2016, Field Guide Amph. Rept. Brit. Eur.: 102–104, provided a brief account and distribution map. See Dufresnes, 2019, Amph. Eur., N. Afr., & Middle East: 141, for brief summary of identifying morphology and biology, a range map, as well as a photograph. Arntzen, López-Delgado, van Riemsdijk, and Wielstra, 2021, J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., 59: 459–465, noted a population showing significant genetic differentiation in Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain, and reported on evidence for a hybrid zone with Triturus marmoratus having moved 215 km in the Iberian Peninsula. Gaczorek, Marszałek, Dudek, Arntzen, Wielstra, and Babik, 2023, Mol. Ecol., 32: 867–880, reported on introgression of the MHC gene across a hybrid zone between Triturus pygmaeus and Triturus marmoratus. Raffaëlli, 2022, Salamanders & Newts of the World: 386–388, provided an account, summarizing systematics, life history, population status, and distribution (including a polygon map). Arntzen, 2023, Contrib. Zool., Amsterdam, : 1– 26, distinguished and mapped two subspecies, Triturus pygmaeus lusitanicus found in the south-western corner of the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of the Betic Cordillera, and meeting the nominate subspecies inside Doñana National Park. Arntzen, 2024, Contrib. Zool., Amsterdam: 3, provided a polygon distribution map for the subspecies, Triturus pygmaeus pygmaeus and Triturus pygmaus lusitanicus, on the Iberian peninsula. Kazilas, Dufresnes, France, Kalaentzis, Martínez-Solano, de Visser, Arntzen, and Wielstra, 2024, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 194(108403): 1–11, reported on molecular phylogeography of Triturus marmoratus, Triturus pygmaeus, and Triturus rudolfi (as Triturus pygmaeus West).

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist