Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Ceuthomantinae Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Craugastoridae > Subfamily: Ceuthomantinae

571 species

Ceuthomantidae Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009, Zootaxa, 2211: 6. Type genus: Ceuthomantis Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009.

Pristimantinae Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 580. Nomen nudum.

Pristimantinae Ohler and Dubois, 2012, Alytes, 28: 165. Type genus: Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870, by original designation. Synonymy by Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 53, but in error considering Pristimantinae the appropriate name for this taxon even though it is junior to Ceuthomantinae.

Ceuthomantinae — Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3827: 599. Correction of subfamily name.

English Names

Emerald-barred Frogs (Vitt and Caldwell, 2014, Herpetology, 4th Ed.: 498).

Distribution

Honduras east through Central America through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and Amazonian to Atlantic Forest Brazil and the Guianas; Trinidad and Tobago; Grenada, Lesser Antilles.

Comment

Ceuthomantidae (in the sense of only including Ceuthomantis) was considered the sister taxon of the remaining members of Terrarana/Brachycephaloidea (Craugastoridae and Eleutherodactylidae of this catalogue) according to the original publication. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, confirmed this relationship using similar inferential methods and a largely similar dataset. Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 125, discovered that that this topology was highly alignment and tree-building method dependent and transferred Ceuthomantis into Pristimantinae, for which the name Ceuthomantinae is the oldest name. Blackburn and Wake, 2011, In Zhang (ed.), Zootaxa, 3148: 39–55, briefly reviewed the nomenclatural history of this taxon prior to the fusion of former Pristimantinae and Ceuthomantidae. Cole, Townsend, Reynolds, MacCulloch, and Lathrop, 2013, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 125: 317–578, provided identification keys and accounts for the species in Guyana.

Contained taxa (571 sp.):

Ceuthomantis Heinicke, Duellman, Trueb, Means, MacCulloch, and Hedges, 2009 (4 sp.)

Dischidodactylus Lynch, 1979 (2 sp.)

Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (556 sp.)

Tachiramantis Heinicke, Barrio-Amorós, and Hedges, 2015 (4 sp.)

Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007 (5 sp.)

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