Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Phyllonastes arutam (Brito-Zapata, Chávez-Reyes, Pallo-Robles, Carrión-Olmedo, Cisneros-Heredia, and Reyes-Puig, 2024)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Craugastoridae > Subfamily: Holoadeninae > Genus: Phyllonastes > Species: Phyllonastes arutam

Noblella arutam Brito-Zapata, Chávez-Reyes, Pallo-Robles, Carrión-Olmedo, Cisneros-Heredia, and Reyes-Puig, 2024, PeerJ, 12(e17939): 7. Holotype: ZSFQ 1882, by original designation. Type locality: "Comunidad de Río Blanco (3.9086°S, 78.4892°W, 1850 m), Parroquia de Paquisha, Cantón Paquisha, Provincia de Zamora Chinchipe, República del Ecuador". Zoobank Publication registration: AD15D34E-81A6-4666-AF30-E53D4F3C5541

Phyllonastes arutam – Alessandro Catenazzi (here, personal commun., 5 Oct. 2024).

Common Names

Arutam Leaflitter Frog (English name: original publication).

Arutam Rain Frog (Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 4: 437).

Rana de Hojarasca de Arutam (Spanish name: original publication).

Cutin de Arutam (Spanish: Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 4: 437).

Distribution

Moderate elevations on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes and Cordillera del Cóndor and the Cordillera de Kutucú in Ecuador (provinces of Pastaza, Zamora Chinchipe, and Morona Santiago), 804 to 2350 m elevation; presumably to be found in the Cordillera del Condor in adjacent Amazonas, Peru (see comment).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Ecuador

Likely/Controversially Present: Peru

Endemic: Ecuador

Comment

The sister taxon of Noblella myrmecoides, according to the original publication, where comparative morphology, osteology, and molecular markers (16S mtDNA) were detailed. Transfer to Phyllonastes based on morphology and placement in tree in the original publication in comparison to the tree provided by von May, Diaz, Ttito, Santa-Cruz Farfan, and Catenazzi, 2024, Diversity, 16 (613): 1–15. Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 4: 437–438, provided an account, with photographs, which summarized identification, adult morphology, systematics, natural history, distribution (including a dot map for Ecuador), and conservation. Reyes-Puig and Carrión-Olmedo, 2026, Zootaxa, 5768: 592–596, provided mtDNA evidence that some records of Phyllonastes lochistes provided by Harvey et al. (2013) and Ortega et al. (2025) are applicable to Phyllonastes arutam, discussed the substantial confusion in the earlier literature, and provided a molecular tree for these samples and a dot map of the distribution.

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador