Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Oreobates cruralis (Boulenger, 1902)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Oreobates > Species: Oreobates cruralis

Hylodes cruralis Boulenger, 1902, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, 10: 396. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.15.70 (formerly 1901.8.2.44), according to J.D. Lynch in Frost, 1985, Amph. Species World: 283. Type locality: "La Paz, Bolivia, 4000 m."; considered to be in error by Lynch, 1989, Milwaukee Public Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol., 79: 9, but confirmed by De la Riva, 1990, Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 8: 261–319.

Eleutherodactylus cruralis — Stejneger, 1904, Annu. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. for 1902: 582–583, by implication; Gorham, 1966, Das Tierreich, 85: 67; Gorham, 1974, Checklist World Amph.: 51.

Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) cruralis — Lynch, 1996, in Powell and Henderson (eds.), Contr. W. Indian Herpetol.: 154. Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 223.

"Eleutherodactylus" cruralis — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: 3.

Oreobates cruralis — Padial, Chaparro, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 749.

Common Names

La Paz Robber Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 74).

Distribution

Humid rainforests at the foot of the Andes from southeastern Peru to the Departamento Pando and La Paz, Bolivia (see comment).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Bolivia, Peru

Comment

In the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis group of Lynch, 1989, Milwaukee Public Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol., 79: 1–25. See account by Lynch, 1989, Milwaukee Public Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol., 79: 7–9. Cei, 1987, Monit. Zool. Ital., N.S., Suppl., 21: 249–250, discussed characters that distinguish this species from Eleutherodactylus discoidalis. Márquez, De la Riva, and Bosch, 1995, J. Zool., London, 237: 313–336, reported on vocalization in Bolivia. In the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) conspicillatus series, Eleutherodactylus discoidalis group of Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 223. De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 45, suggested that Eleutherodactylus cruralis is a composite in Bolivia. Lavilla and Cei, 2001, Monogr. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino, 28: 105, noted that records of this species from Argentina are referable to Eleutherodactylus discoidalis. Köhler, 2000, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 48: 114–115, provided a brief account and mentioned that the undescribed species confused in Bolivia with Eleutherodactylus cruralis is an undescribed member of the Eleutherodactylus discoidalis group (now named as Eleutherodactylus ibischi—J. Köhler, personal comm.). Padial, Gonzales-Álvarez, Reichle, Aguayo-Vedia, and De la Riva, 2004, Graellsia, 60: 169, provided the record for Pando Department, Bolivia. Duellman, 2005, Cusco Amazonico: 266–267, provided (as Eleutherodactylus cruralis) an account (adultl morphology, description of the call, life history). Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092–10097, removed this species from nominal Eleutherodactylus but did not provide a new generic name. Padial, Köhler, Muñoz-Saravia, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 353–365, reported on acoustic variation among members of the "Eleutherodactylus" discoidalis group and suggested that nominal Eleutherodactylus discoidalis is composed of three species: one from the Amazonian slopes and adjacent lowlands, and two restricted to inter-Andean valleys in central Bolivia (of which one of these is now Oreobates granulosus). See account by Padial, Chaparro, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 749–753. See Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Terrest.-breeding Frogs in Peru: 97–98, for brief account.

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