Oreobates quixensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1872

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Craugastoridae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Oreobates > Species: Oreobates quixensis

Oreobates quixensis Jiménez de la Espada, 1872, An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1: 87. Type(s): Not stated, although 13 syntypes from MNCN, were identified by Padial, Chaparro Auza, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 762, and who designated MNCN 1708 as lectotype. See also González-Fernández, García-Díez, and San Segundo, 2009, Spixiana, München, 32: 274, for discussion of types. Type locality: "la provincia de Quijos en el Ecuador" (= Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador, according to Peters, 1955, Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parsitol., 2: 347). Type locality given by Padial, Chaparro Auza, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 762 as " San José de Moti, Municipio San José de Mote (or Nuevo), Provincia Napo", Ecuador.

Borborocoetes quixensis — Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 256.

Leptodactylus tuberculosus Andersson, 1945, Ark. Zool., 37A(2): 59. Syntypes: NHRM (8 specimens), by original designation. Type locality: "Rio Pastaza and Rio Napo, Watershed", eastern Ecuador. Synonymy by Lynch, 1972, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci., 71: 10; Heyer and Peters, 1971, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 84: 168.

Eupsophus quixensis — Peters, 1955, Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parsitol., 2: 347.

Ischnocnema quixensis — Lynch and Schwartz, 1971, J. Herpetol., 5: 109.

Oreobates quixensis — Caramaschi and Canedo, 2006, Zootaxa, 1116: 48.

Common Names

Quijos Rainfrog (Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 3: xxxii).

Cutín de Quijos (Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 3: xxxii).

Common Big-headed Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 81).

Distribution

Upper Amazon Basin in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia (Pando), and western Brazil, 178 to 1949 m elevation.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Comment

De la Riva, Köhler, Lötters, and Reichle, 2000, Rev. Esp. Herpetol., 14: 48, provided first record for Bolivia. Rodríguez and Duellman, 1994, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 22: 63, provided a brief account for the Iquitos region of northeastern Peru as Ischnocnema quixensis. Duellman, 1978, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 65: 104–105, provided a brief account and characterization of the call. See account by Padial, Chaparro Auza, and De la Riva, 2008, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 152: 761–762. See Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Terrest.-breeding Frogs in Peru: 102-103, for brief account. França and Venâncio, 2010, Biotemas, 23: 71–84, provided a record for the municipality of Boca do Acre, Amazonas, with a brief discussion of the range. Bernarde, Machado, and Turci, 2011, Biota Neotrop., 11: 117–144, reported specimens from Reserva Extrativista Riozinho da Liberdade, Acre, Brazil. See brief account for the Manu region, Peru, by Villacampa-Ortega, Serrano-Rojas, and Whitworth, 2017, Amph. Manu Learning Cent.: 66–67. See brief account for the Manu region, Peru, by Villacampa-Ortega, Serrano-Rojas, and Whitworth, 2017, Amph. Manu Learning Cent.: 66–67. Metcalf, Marsh, Torres Pacaya, Graham, and Gunnels, 2020, Herpetol. Notes, 13: 753–767, reported the species from the Santa Cruz Forest Reserve, Loreto, northeastern Peru. Crnobrna, Santa-Cruz Farfan, Gallegos, López-Rojas, Llanqui, Panduro Pisco, and Kelsen Arbaiza, 2023, Check List, 19: 446, provided a record from Ucayali Department, central-eastern Peru. Coloma and Duellman, 2025, Amph. Ecuador. Vol. 3: 37–38, provided an account summarizing morphological identification, natural history, distribution (including a dot map for Ecuador), and conservation, with photographs. They also presented evidence that this species is actually imbedded within Lynchius, which they concluded requires confirmation. Crnobrna, Champagne, Williams, Turner, and Panduro Pisco, 2025, Biodiversity Data J., 13 (e154136): 1–42, provided records from along the Las Piedras River, Madre de Dios, Peru. Garcia-Romero, Martin-Solano, Araujo-Erazo, Hernández Hernández, Paredes, Prado-Aguas, and Carrillo-Bilbao, 2026, Biology, 15(451): 1–18, discussed distribution in Pastaza Province, Ecuador, and its conservation status.  

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