Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pristimantis gladiator (Lynch, 1976)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Pristimantis > Species: Pristimantis gladiator

Eleutherodactylus gladiator Lynch, 1976, Herpetologica, 32: 316. Holotype: KU 143516, by original designation. Type locality: "3.3 km ESE Cuyuja, Napo Province, Ecuador, elevation 2350 m."

Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) gladiator — Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 224.

Pristimantis gladiator — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: Table 2.

Pristimantis (Pristimantis) gladiator — Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 125.

Pristimantis (Trachyphrynus) gladiator — Franco-Mena, Guayasamin, Andrade-Brito, Yánez-Muñoz, and Rojas-Runjaic, 2023, PeerJ, 11 (e14715): 17.

Common Names

Papallacta Valley Robber Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 75).

Distribution

Papallacta Valley near Cuyuja, Napo Province, as well as Monte Olivio, Imbabura Province, Ecuador, in cloud forest at intermediate elevations (2270–2910 m) on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes; arguably from adjacent Putumayo Province, Colombia (see comment).

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Ecuador

Likely/Controversially Present: Colombia

Comment

Most closely related to Eleutherodactylus leoni and Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus according to Lynch, 1976, Herpetologica, 32: 317. In the monophyletic Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus assembly of the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus group, according to Lynch, 1984, Herpetologica, 40: 237. In the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) myersi series, Eleutherodactylus myersi group of Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 225. Mueses-Cisneros, 2005, Caldasia, 27: 235–236, provided records for Putumayo, Colombia (but this requires genetic confirmation). In the Pristimantis myersi species group of Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 125, and of Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 126. See photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status (as Eleutherodactylus gladiator) in Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani, and Young, 2008, Threatened Amph. World: 340. See note by Guayasamin and Funk, 2009, Zootaxa, 2220: 41–66, on this species at the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo, Ecuador, and provided the elevational range. See comments by Reyes-Puig, Reyes-Puig, Franco-Mena, Jost, and Yánez-Muñoz, 2022, ZooKeys, 1081: 60, commented on the systematics of this species. Reyes-Puig, Urgilés-Merchán, Franco-Mena, Guayasamin, Batallas-Revelo, and Reyes-Puig, 2023, ZooKeys, 1180: 257–293, discussed the species-level systematic of this taxon and discussed cranial and external morphology, distribution, molecular markers, and advertisement call.

External links:

Please note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History. We are not responsible for their content.

For access to general information see Wikipedia
For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.