Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Pristimantis w-nigrum (Boettger, 1892)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Pristimantis > Species: Pristimantis w-nigrum

Hylodes w-nigrum Boettger, 1892, Kat. Batr. Samml. Mus. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges.: 28. Syntypes: SMF 1212 (2 specimens) (formerly 1212.2a, according to Boettger, 1892, Kat. Batr. Samml. Mus. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges.: vi); SMF 3818 (formerly 1212.2a) designated lectotype by Mertens, 1967, Senckenb. Biol., 48(A): 39. Type locality: "Zurucuchu, West-Anden von Cuenca in 3000–3500 m [Azuay Province,] Ecuador".

Hylodes buergeri Werner, 1899, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 49: 476. Syntypes: Including BMNH 1947.2.15.71 (formerly 1900.2.7.4), according to Lynch and Duellman, 1980, Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas, 69: 61, who regarded this as likely the sole surviving syntype. Häupl and Tiedemann, 1978, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 2: 21, and Häupl, Tiedemann, and Grillitsch, 1994, Kat. Wiss. Samml. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 9: 25, considered NHMW 22909 (Alto de Sibaté) as surviving syntype. Böhme and Bischoff, 1984, Bonn. Zool. Monogr., 19: 167, reported as the holotype a specimen in the ZFMK (formerly ZIUG), as did Böhme, 2014, Mertensiella, 21: 86, who considered the ZFMK specimen lost. Type localities: "Alto von Sibaté (2800 m) bei Bogotá, . . . [and] Fusagasugá", Colombia. Synonymy by Cochran and Goin, 1970, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 288: 395. (Formerly included in the synonymy of Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus by Boulenger, 1900, Zool. Rec., 36: 28.)

Eleutherodactylus buergeri — Stejneger, 1904, Annu. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. for 1902: 582–583, by implication; Dunn, 1944, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat., 6: 73.

Eleutherodactylus w-nigrum — Stejneger, 1904, Annu. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. for 1902: 582–583, by implication; Peters, 1955, Rev. Ecuat. Entomol. Parsitol., 2: 337.

Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) w-nigrum — Lynch, 1996, in Powell and Henderson (eds.), Contr. W. Indian Herpetol.: 154; Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 234.

Pristimantis w-nigrum — Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl. Inform., 104: Table 2.

Pristimantis (Hypodictyon) wnigrum — Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 116.

Common Names

Zurucuchu Robber Frog (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 80).

W Rainfrog (Arteaga-Navarro, Bustamante, and Guayasamin, 2013, Amph. Rept. Mindo: 89).

W Cutin (Freile, Coloma, Terán-Valdez, Acosta-López, Tapia, and Pazmiño-Otamendi, 2020, Anfibios de Junín: 54).

Distribution

Lower montane and cloud forest at 800–3300 m elevation on both Pacific and Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and extreme northern Peru.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

Comment

See account by Cochran and Goin, 1970, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus., 288: 395–397. See account by Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 145–146, who place this in the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) conspicillatus series, Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus group. Lynch and Renjifo, 2001, Guia Anf. Rept. Bogota: 58, presented a brief account and photograph. Lehr and Aguilar, 2004, Herpetol. Rev., 35: 184, provided the Peruvian record. Almendáriz C. and Orcés, 2004, Rev. Politécnica, Quito, 25: 131–132, provided distributional data for Ecuador. Duellman and Lehr, 2007, Sci. Pap. Nat. Hist. Mus. Univ. Kansas, 39: 1–13, briefly discussed the range. Mueses-Cisneros, 2005, Caldasia, 27: 237, provided records for Putumayo, Colombia. In the Pristimantis (Hypodictyon) rubicundus group of Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 116. In the Pristimantis ridens species group of Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 126. See note by Guayasamin and Funk, 2009, Zootaxa, 2220: 41–66, on this species at the Yanayacu Biological Station, Napo, Ecuador. See Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Terrest.-breeding Frogs in Peru: 130–131, for brief account. Kieswetter and Schneider, 2013, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 69: 417–429, reported on molecular phylogeography and found deep divergences that are geographically significant. Arteaga-Navarro, Bustamante, and Guayasamin, 2013, Amph. Rept. Mindo: 89–91, provided an account and dot map for Ecuador. Palacio Baena, Muñoz Escobar, Gallo Delgado, and Rivera-Correa, 2006, Anfibios y Reptiles del Valle de Aburrá: 48–50, provided a brief account and photograph. See Freile, Coloma, Terán-Valdez, Acosta-López, Tapia, and Pazmiño-Otamendi, 2020, Anfibios de Junín: 54–55, for brief account for Junín, Ecuador (identification, call, habitat, range and photograph).

External links:

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For access to general information see Wikipedia
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For access to relevant technical literature search Google Scholar
For images search CalPhoto Images and Google Images
To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to Ecuador see FaunaWebEcuador: Anfibios del Ecuador
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.