Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Superfamily: Brachycephaloidea > Family: Strabomantidae > Subfamily: Pristimantinae > Genus: Yunganastes

5 species

Yunganastes Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 217. Type species: Eleutherodactylus pluvicanorus De la Riva and Lynch, 1997. Named as a subgenus of Eleutherodactylus in a paper submitted prior to the recognition of Pristimantis.

Yunganastes — Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, and De la Riva, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 914. Recognition as a genus.

Common Names

None noted.

Distribution

Southern Peru to central Bolivia.

Comment

Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, and De la Riva, 2009, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 52: 911-915, provided molecular evidence that this taxon does not reside within Pristimantis as suggested by Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104: 10092-10094, and revalidated the taxon. Padial, Castroviejo-Fisher, Köhler, Domic, and De la Riva, 2007, Herpetol. Monogr., 21: 213-240, revised the Eleutherodactylus fraudator group (now in Pristimantis) and recognized this monophyletic group as Yunganastes. Canedo and Haddad, 2012, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 65: 610-620, provided a molecular cladogram suggesting that Yunganastes is the sister taxon of Pristimantis, and in the subfamily Pristimantinae by implication. Padial, Grant, and Frost, 2014, Zootaxa, 3825: 1-132, confirmed this relationship. García-Gómez, Pereyra, Cabra-García, and Ospina-Sarria, 2022, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 136: 264–281, provided morphological synapomorphies of the genus.

Contained taxa (5 sp.):

Yunganastes ashkapara (Köhler, 2000)

Yunganastes bisignatus (Werner, 1899)

Yunganastes fraudator (Lynch and McDiarmid, 1987)

Yunganastes mercedesae (Lynch and McDiarmid, 1987)

Yunganastes pluvicanorus (De la Riva and Lynch, 1997)

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