Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufo > Species: Bufo bankorensis

Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 51: 323. Syntypes: MCZ 2432 (2 specimens), by original designation. Type locality: "Bankoro, Central Formosa", Taiwan, China.

Bufo bufo bankorensis — Liu, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 22: 127; Boring, 1938 "1938–1939", Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 13: 91; by implication of her statement that Bufo bankorensis is "part" of Bufo bufo.

Bufo bankorensis — Matsui, 1980, Annot. Zool. Japon., 53: 56.

Bufo japonicus bankorensis — Nishioka, Sumida, Ueda, and Wu, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 53.

Bufo (Bufo) bankorensis — Dubois and Bour, 2010, Zootaxa, 2447: 24.

English Names

Central Formosa Toad (Bufo bankorensis: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).

Bankor Toad (Bufo bankorensis: Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 132).

Distribution

Taiwan, 0–2700 m elevation, although generally absent from the western coastal plain. See comment.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: Taiwan

Endemic: Taiwan

Comment

A allopatric fragment of the Bufo gargarizans complex and variably considered distinct or a synonym or subspecies of that species. Retained here due to the lack of agreement among recent workers.

In the Bufo bufo group of Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107. See account (as Bufo bankorensis) by Pope, 1931, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61: 457. Revived tentatively from synonymy of Bufo bufo by Matsui, 1980, Annot. Zool. Japon., 53: 56, Matsui, 1986, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 5 (1): 48, and Matsui, 1986, Copeia, 1986: 561-579, where it had been placed by Boring, 1938 "1938–1939", Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 13: 91, and Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 118 (under Bufo bufo gargarizans). Nishioka, Sumida, Ueda, and Wu, 1990, Sci. Rep. Lab. Amph. Biol. Hiroshima Univ., 10: 53–91, considered bankorensis to be one of three subspecies (the others being Bufo japonicus gargarizans, Bufo japonicus miyakonis) that differed electrophoretically significantly between each other and the remaining populations of Bufo japonicus. This phylogenetic arrangement was supported by mtDNA studes of Igawa, Kurabayashi, Nishioka, and Sumida, 2006, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 38: 250–260, and they regarded Bufo bankorensis (of Taiwan), Bufo gargarizans (of mainland China) as distinct species. Liu, Lathrop, Fu, Yang, and Murphy, 2000, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 14: 433, suggested tha Bufo bankorensis was not distinct from Bufo gargarizans, although their data did not support the analytic "monophyly" of Bufo gargarizans. Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 132-133, provided a brief account (as Bufo bankorensis), figure, and map. Lue, Tu, and Hsiang, 1999, Atlas Taiwan Amph. Rept.: 28–29, provided a brief account (as Bufo bankorensis). Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 518–522, provided an account (as Bufo bankorensis) and a spot map. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 221, provided a brief account (as Bufo bankorensis) including photographs. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 253, provided an account (as Bufo bankorensis) photographs, and a range map. Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 746–748, provided an account (as Bufo bankorensis), photograph, and dot map. Guo, Yang, and Li, 2009, Colored Illust. Amph. Rept. Taiwan: 60–61, provided a brief account (as Bufo bankorensis), photographs, and map. Dufresnes and Litvinchuk, 2022, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 195: 700, considered Bufo bankorensis to be junior synonym of Bufo gargarizans on the basis of low genetic divergence.

External links:

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For additional sources of general information from other websites search Google
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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observation see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to China see Amphibia China
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.