Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufo > Species: Bufo stejnegeri

Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 94. Holotype: FMNH 11417, by original designation. Type locality: "Songdo [= Kaesong], Korea (Chosen)".

Bufo kangi Kang and Sunwoo, 1973, Korean J. Zool., 16: 171. Nomen nudum.

Bufo kangi Yoon, 1975, in Kang and Yoon (eds.), Ill. Encycl. Fauna Flora Korea, 17: 79. Type(s): Not stated. Type localities: Mt. Odae, Kangwon-do and Hwoenggye-ri, Kapyong-gun, Kyonggi-do, Rep. Korea, according to Yang, Kim, Min, and Suh, 2001, Monogr. Korean Amph.: 52. Synonymy by Matsui, 1980, Herpetologica, 36: 37-41.

Bufo cycloparotidos Zhao and Huang, 1982, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 1 (1): 2, 22. Holotype: CIB 79A0058 by original designation. Type locality: "Five-Dragon-Back [= Wulongbei], Dandong, Liaoning [Province], alt. 700 m", China. Synonymy by Zhao, 1983, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 2 (3): 72.

Bufo sambangensis Lim, 1996. Access to North Korean literature pending.

"Bufo" stejnegeri — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Excluded from Bufo and unassigned to genus.

Bufo stejnegeri — Frost, 2010, Amph. Spec. World, vers. 5.4. Inclusion in Bufo provisionally on the basis of other members of the Bufo stejnegeri group being so assigned.

Bufo (Schmibufo) stejnegeri — Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 763.

Common Names

Stejneger's Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43).

Korean Toad (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 41).

Korean Water Toad (Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 41).

Water Toad (Yang, Kim, Min, and Suh, 2001, Monogr. Korean Amph.: 52; Borzée, 2024, Continental NE Asian Amph.: 18).

Water Toad (Yoon, 1975, in Kang and Yoon (eds.), Ill. Encycl. Fauna Flora Korea, 17: 79 [Bufo kangi, no longer recognized).

Distribution

Eastern Liaoning, China, south through the central highland of the Korean Peninsula from southern P.D.R. Korea to southern Rep. Korea.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: China, People's Republic of, Korea, Democratic People's Republic (North), Korea, Republic of (South)

Comment

Redescribed by Matsui, 1980, Herpetologica, 36: 37–41; see also Zhao, 1983, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 2 (3): 72, for discussion. Considered a member of the Bufo cryptotympanicus group by Hu, Jiang, and Tian, 1984, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 3 (1): 77–85. See also Borkin, 1986, Trudy Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 157: 192–196, for discussion of synonymy and range. See discussion by Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 133–180, who (p. 160), placed it in their Bufo stejnegeri group. Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 128–129, provided a brief account, figure, and map. Yang, Suh, Min, Kang, and Kim, 2000, Korean J. Genet., 22: 209–221, reported on genetic variability within the Korean population. Yang, Kim, Min, and Suh, 2001, Monogr. Korean Amph.: 52–53, provided a brief account, map and figure for South Korea.Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297, suggested that this species is not a member of the monophyletic taxon Bufo (the former Bufo bufo group), but could not allocate this species to any of the other genera either, instead leaving this species in a non-taxon "Bufo" which they denoted as polyphyletic by placing the name in quotation marks. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 496–499, provided an account for China and spot map (as Bufo stejnegeri). Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 208–209, provided a brief account (as Bufo stejnegeri) including photographs of specimens and habitat. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012, Colored Atlas Chinese Amph. Distr.: 256, provided an account, photographs, and a range map for China. Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 763–766, provided an account, photograph, and dot map. Li, Lian, and Lu, 2010, Res. Tadpoles Liaoning: 25–28, described and pictured the larva. Dot map and discussion of status for North Korea (as Bufo sambangensis) provided by Song, 2016, J. Natl. Park Res., Rep. Korea, 7: 211–217. Fong, Yang, Li, Waldman, and Min, 2020, Frontiers Ecol. Evol., 7 (523): 1–10, reported on molecular phylogeography. Borzée, Litvinchuk, Ri, Andersen, Nam, Jon, Man, Choe, Kwon, Othman, Messenger, Bae, Shin, Kim, Maslova, Luedtke, Hobin, Moores, Seliger, Glenk, and Jang, 2021, Animals, 11 (2057): 1–37, provided for P.D.R. Korea locality records, a distribution map as well as modeled distribution, life history comments, and conservation status. Andersen, Chuang, Choe, Kim, Kwon, Jang, and Borzée, 2022, Zool. Stud., Taipei, 61(25): 1–10, reported on the elevational range (18–1241 m) in Rep. Korea. Borzée, 2024, Continental NE Asian Amph.: 18–23, provided a detailed account (distribution including a polygon map, habitat, ecology, conservation, photos of larvae and adults) for northeastern Asia.

External links:

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For additional information see AmphibiaWeb report
For information on conservation status and distribution see the IUCN Redlist
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to China see Amphibia China
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.