Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Search tool	Example of search string in box	What that means to the database
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	Hyl*	Will find all uses of "Hyl . . ." anywhere in a record: e.g., Hylarana, Hyla, Hylidae, Hylinae, Hylaedactyla.
* = "wildcard". Allows a partial letter string to be entered and implies either no or various extension on this letter string	*Hyla	Will find all uses of ". . . hyla" anywhere in a record: e.g., Hyla, Hylidae, Plectrohyla, Ptychadena hylaea, Adenomera hylaedactyla
Single word	Hyla	Will find all records that contain stand-alone uses of Hyla: e.g., Hyla, Hyla arenicolor
Strings of words without quotation marks	Lithobates pipiens	Interprets this as "Lithobates OR pipiens" so will find the union of all records that contain either "Lithobates" or "pipiens": e.g., Lithobates omiltemanus, Hylorana pipiens
Strings of word with quotation marks	"Lithobates pipiens"	Interprets this as "Lithobates AND pipiens" so will return all records that have the character string "Lithobates pipiens" anywhere within a record: e.g., all members of the Lithobates pipiens complex.
AND statement. Means that the results of the search must include both words held together by an AND	Lithobates AND pipiens	Same as "Lithobates pipiens"
OR statement. Means that the results of the search will all records that have either of the terms held together by an OR	Lithobates OR "Costa Rica"	Recovers all records that contain the word "Lithobates" or "Costa Rica": 402 records inasmuch as this will include all records for the entire amphibian fauna of Costa Rica
Combining Boolean operators within the Basic Search box (AND, OR, NOT, quotation marks)	Lithobates AND "Costa Rica" NOT forreri	Recovers only records that contain the word Lithobates AND "Costa Rica", but excludes any record that contains the word "forreri" in any part of the record: 9 records
Printable HELP file

Bufo tibetanus Zarevskii, 1926 "1925"

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Bufo > Species: Bufo tibetanus

Bufo tibetanus Zarevskij, 1926 "1925", Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Leningrad, 26: 74. Syntypes: ZISP 1970–71 (Tibet, plateau of Kham), 2633 and 2637–38 (Tibet, Kham, Jeni-tan, riv. Dsa-tshu"; ZISP 2638.2 designated lectotype by Borkin and Matsui, 1987 "1986", in Anajeva and Borkin (eds.), Sistematika i ekologiia amfibii i reptilii: 44–48. Type localities: "Tibet, plateau of Kham" (= Tatsienlo [= Kangting], Sichuan and Qinghai, China) and "Tibet, Kham, Jeni-tan, riv. Dsa-tshu"; restricted by lectotype designation to "Tibet, Kham, Jeni-tan, riv. Dsa-tshu" =Yuishu, Dza-chu River, 3700 m, a tributary of the upper Yangtze-Kiang River Basin, southern Qinghai, China, by Borkin and Matsui, 1987 "1986", in Anajeva and Borkin (eds.), Sistematika i ekologiia amfibii i reptilii: 44–48.

Common Names

Tibetan Toad (Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 43; Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 136; Li, Zhao, and Dong, 2010, Amph. Rept. Tibet: 29).

Distribution

Easternmost Tibet, southernmost Qinghai, and western Sichuan to northernmost Yunnan, China.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: China, People's Republic of

Endemic: China, People's Republic of

Comment

A piece of the Bufo gargarizans complex, treated variably as a distinct species, subspecies, or synonym of that species. Liu, 1950, Fieldiana, Zool. Mem., 2: 207–212, reviewed this species (as Bufo tibetanus) Borkin and Matsui, 1987 "1986", in Anajeva and Borkin (eds.), Sistematika i ekologiia amfibii i reptilii: 44–48, discussed the systematics of this species as Bufo tibetanus. Bufo tibetanus was regarded as a distinct species from Bufo gargarizans by Matsui, 1986, Acta Herpetol. Sinica, Chengdu, N.S.,, 5 (1): 48. See accounts (as Bufo tibetanus) by Yang, 1991, Amph. Fauna of Yunnan: 104–106, Ye, Fei, and Hu, 1993, Rare and Economic Amph. China: 190; and Fei, 1999, Atlas Amph. China: 136–137. Bufo tibetanus was considered the sister species of Bufo tuberculatus byLiu, Lathrop, Fu, Yang, and Murphy, 2000, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 14: 433. See also brief account (as Bufo tibetanus) by Zhao and Yang, 1997, Amph. Rept. Hengduan Mountains Region: 73–74. Yang, 2008, in Yang and Rao (ed.), Amph. Rept. Yunnan: 50–51, provided a brief account (as Bufo tibetanus) for Yunnan, China. Fan, Guo, and Liu, 1998, Amph. Rept. Shanxi Prov.: 55–56, provided an account for Shanxi (far out of range so likely based on misidentification--DRF). Li, Lu, Li, Zhao, Hou, and Zhang, 2005, Sichuan J. Zool., 24: 247–248, provided additional localities (as Bufo tibetanus) in Xizang. Fei, Hu, Ye, and Huang, 2009, Fauna Sinica, Amph. 2: 541–546, provided an account (as Bufo tibetanus) for China and a spot map. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 239–240, provided a brief account (as Bufo tibetanus) including photographs of specimens and habitat. Zhan and Fu, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 136–148, reported on molecular phylogeography and considered Bufo tibetanus to be undiagnosable from Bufo gargarizans. Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2010, Colored Atlas of Chinese Amph.: 239–240, provided a brief account (as Bufo tibetanus) including photographs of specimens and habitat. Wang, Wang, Yue, Zhang, and Liu, 2013, Mitochondrial DNA, 24: 186–188, reported on the complete mtDNA genome (as Bufo tibetanus). Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 758–758, provided an account, photograph, and dot map. Dufresnes and Litvinchuk, 2022, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 195: 700, considered this species to be a junior synonym of Bufo gargarizans on the basis of low genetic divergence. Removed from the synonymy of Bufo gargarizans by Othman, Litvinchuk, Maslova, Dahn, Messenger, Andersen, Jowers, Kojima, Skorinov, Yasumiba, Chuang, Chen, Bae, Hoti, Jang, and Borzée, 2022, eLife, 11(e70494): 10, where it had been placed by Zhan and Fu, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 136. See comment under Bufo gargarizans for other relevant literature by authors who consider this taxon to be a race or synonym of that species.

External links:

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To search the NIH genetic sequence database, see GenBank
For information on distribution, habitat, and conservation see the Map of Life
For related information on conservation and images as well as observations see iNaturalist
For additional information specific to China see Amphibia China
For access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to Vertnet.