Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799)

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Duttaphrynus > Species: Duttaphrynus scaber

Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 222. Syntypes: "Musei Blochiani" (= ZMB); three specimens of which ZMB 3464 was considered holotype by Peters, 1863, Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863: 80, and which was designated lectotype by Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 142, who redescribed the specimen. Type locality: "Orientali India". Senior homonym of Bufo scaber Daudin, 1802, and Bufo scaber Duméril and Bibron.

Bufo fergusonii Boulenger, 1892, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 7: 317. Holotype: BMNH 1947.2.21.17 (formerly 1892.6.9.3), according to Inger, 1985, in Frost (ed.), Amph. Species World: 44. Type locality: "Trevandrum on the Cavalry Parade Ground", Kerala, India. Synonymy by Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 143.

Bufo atukoralei Bogert and Senanayake, 1966, Am. Mus. Novit., 2269: 2. Holotype: AMNH 74290, by original designation. Type locality: "near the Buttuwa Circuit Bungalow at Yala, Southern Province, Ceylon [=Sri Lanka]". Synonymy by Jayawardena, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Ukuwela, Manamendra-Arachchi, and Meegaskumbura, 2017, Ceylon J. Sci., 46 (Special issue): 79. 

"Bufo" atukoralei — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 363. Excluded from Bufo and unassigned to genus.

"Bufo" scaber — Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 364. Excluded from Bufo and unassigned to genus.

Duttaphrynus atukoralei — Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 4.

Duttaphrynus scaber — Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 4.

Common Names

Schneider's Toad (Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 19).

Schneider's Dwarf Toad (de Silva, 2009, Amph. Rep. Sri Lanka Photograph. Guide: 64).

Ferguson's Toad (Bufo fergusonii [no longer recognized]: Daniel, 1963, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 60: 434; Ananjeva, Borkin, Darevsky, and Orlov, 1988, Dict. Amph. Rept. Five Languages: 38; Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 41; Das and Dutta, 1998, Hamadryad, 23: 63).

Boulenger's Burrowing Toad (Bufo fergusonii [no longer recognized]: Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 20).

Rough Dwarf Toad (Deuti, Sethy, and Ray, 2014, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114: 123).

Dwarf Toad (Ganesh, Rameshwaran, Joseph, Jerith, and Dutta, 2020, J. Threatened Taxa, 12: 16274). 

Yala Toad (Duttaphrynus atukoralei [no longer recognized]: Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World: 40).

Atukorale's Dwarf Toad (Duttaphrynus atukoralei [no longer recognized]: de Silva, 2009, Amph. Rep. Sri Lanka Photograph. Guide: 62).

Dwarf True Toad (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 2). 

Distribution

Sri Lanka and peninsular India (including Telangana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh) north through Odisha to West Bengal; an isolated (needing corroboration) record in Manipur in northeastern India.

Geographic Occurrence

Natural Resident: India, Sri Lanka

Comment

In the Bufo stomaticus group of Inger, 1972, in Blair (ed.), Evol. Genus Bufo: 107. See De Silva, 1955, Spolia Zeylan., 27: 251–253; Bogert and Senanayake, 1966, Am. Mus. Novit., 2269: 1–18; Kirtisinghe, 1957, Amph. Ceylon: 22–24; and Dutta and Manamendra-Arachchi, 1996, Amph. Fauna Sri Lanka: 62–63. See comment under Bufo atukoralei. See Donahue and Daniel, 1967 "1966", J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 63: 447, for northeastern India record and Daniel, 1963, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 60: 434, for brief account (as Bufo fergusonii). Dubois and Ohler, 1999, J. South Asian Nat. Hist., 4: 133–180, discussed the nomenclature of this taxon (and related ones) and included it in a restricted Bufo scaber group. Chanda, 2002, Handb. Indian Amph.: 21–23, provided a brief account for the Indian population. Daniels, 2005, Amph. Peninsular India: 111–113, provided an account. Mathew and Sen, 2009, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occas. Pap., 293: 21, provided a record for Manipur, northeastern India. Das and Dutta, 2007, Hamadryad, 31: 154–181, noted four larval descriptions in the literature of various levels of completeness (as Bufo scaber). Kuramoto and Joshy, 2008, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 105: 14–18, described the advertisement call from a population in Karnataka, India. Mathew and Sen, 2010, Pict. Guide Amph. NE India: 19–21, provided a brief characterization and photographs of a Manipur specimens. de Silva, 2009, Amph. Rep. Sri Lanka Photograph. Guide: 64, provided a brief account (as Bufo scaber) and color photograph.  Das, Chetia, Dutta, and Sengupta, 2013, Zootaxa, 3646: 336–348, compared this species with other Duttaphrynus from northeastern India. Srinivasulu, Ganesh, and Srinivasulu, 2013, J. Threatened Taxa, 5: 4789, discussed misidentifications that resulted in this species being thought to occur in South India. Padhye, Pandit, Patil, Gaikwad, Dahanukar, and Shouche, 2013, J. Threatened Taxa, 5: 4579–4585, reported specimens from Gujarat and Maharashtra in western India and also reported on its advertisement call. Sivaprasad, 2013, Common Amph. Kerala: 30–31, provided a brief account, photograph, and dot map for Kerala. Mahapatra and Ghorai, 2019, Biol. Forum, Bilaspur, India, 11: 56–60, reported specimens from East and West Medinipur districts of West Bengal, India. Deuti, Sethy, and Ray, 2014, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 114: 123, provided a  brief account for the population of the Andhra Pradesh region,  India. Sreekumar and Dinesh, 2020, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 120: 33–40, discussed the range in Maharashtra, India, in terms of agro-climatic zones. Ganesh, Rameshwaran, Joseph, Jerith, and Dutta, 2020, J. Threatened Taxa, 12: 16272–16278, reported on specimens and briefly on their habitat on the Coromandel coastal plains of northern Tamil Nadu, India. Prasad, Gautam, Gupta, Murthy, Ramesh, Shinde, and Das, 2020, Zootaxa, 4851: 450–476, reported on morphology and advertisement call for a population in the Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India.  Jayawardena, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Ukuwela, Manamendra-Arachchi, and Meegaskumbura, 2017, Ceylon J. Sci., 46 (Special issue): 79–87, treated Duttaphrynus atukoralei as a synonym, noting those populations from the wetter southeastern part of the island as a genetically distinctive, and unnamed, unit. Parmar, 2020, Reptiles & Amphibians, 27: 499–500, discussed range, natural history, and possible confusion with Duttaphrynus melanostictus in the literature. Ashaharraza, Kulkarni, Dinesh, and Dani, 2020, J. Anim. Diversity, 2: 1–9, provided an additional record from Karnataka, India, and provided a dot map for India. Ganesh and Guptha, 2021, J. Anim. Diversity, 3(3): 22, provided records from the Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Srinivasulu and Kumar, 2022, J. Threatened Taxa, 14: 21268, reported the species from the state of Telangana, south-central India.

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