Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006

Class: Amphibia > Order: Anura > Family: Bufonidae > Genus: Duttaphrynus
23 species

Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 219. Type species: Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799, by original designation.

Common Names

Dutta's Toads (Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 766). 

True Toads (Dinesh, Radhakrishnan, Deepak, and Kulkarni, 2023, Fauna India Checklist, vers. 5.0 : 2). 

Distribution

Northern Pakistan and Nepal to southern and northeastern India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; to southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan) through Indochina to Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali. 

Comment

Duttaphyrynus provisionally contains the Bufo melanostictus and Bufo scaber groups of previous authors (the Bufo stomaticus group now in Firouzophrynus). Liu and Hu, 1961, Tailless Amph. China: 113–126, discussed (as Bufo) the Chinese species. Anders, 2002, in Schleich and Kästle (eds.), Amph. Rept. Nepal: 145–162, provided a key and accounts for the species (under Bufo) of Nepal. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 297: 129, suggested that Duttaphrynus is only distantly related to other Asiatic bufonids. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, Herpetol. Conserv. Biol., 1: 6–8, implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo; see comment under Bufonidae. Matsui, Yambun Imbun, and Sudin, 2007, Zool. Sci., Tokyo, 24: 1159–1166, provided evidence that Duttaphrynus is most closely related to other taxa, particularly Pelophryne with a more distant relationship to Didynamipus, Ingerophrynus, Leptophryne, and Sabahphrynus. Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007, Herpetologica, 63: 203–212, placed Duttaphrynus as the sister taxon of Schismaderma. Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan, 2008, Global Ecol. Biogeograph., 17: 72–83, provided evidence that Duttaphrynus is in a clade containing Schismaderma and Phrynoidis (having not studied Pelophryne). Van Bocxlaer, Loader, Roelants, Biju, Menegon, and Bossuyt, 2010, Science, 327: 679–682, suggested Duttaphrynus to form the sister taxon of Xanthophryne. Pyron and Wiens, 2011, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 61: 543–583, suggested that Duttaphrynus is paraphyletic with respect to Xanthophryne (although this is obscured by their explicit adoption of an out-dated and non-monophyletic taxonomy), its placement as the sister taxon of Bufotes (excluding "Bufo" raddei and "Bufo" brongersmai, sometimes included in that genus), and provided a tree of exemplar species. Fei and Ye, 2016, Amph. China, 1: 766–777, provided accounts, photographs, and dot maps for the species of China. Pratihar, Bhattacharya, and Deuti, 2016, MtDNA, Part A, 27: 2881–2882, reported on a 2-locus tree of Duttaphrynus from India. Zhang, 2017, Amph. Rept. Fanjing Mts.: 94–97, provided taxonomic and natural history information for the Fanjing Mountains population in northeastern Guizhou, China. Roy, Begum, and Ahmed, 2019, J. Threatened Taxa, 10: 12943, reported an unidentified, possibly new or, from the photograph, Duttaphrynus himalayanus, from Mipi and Anini, Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. The recognition of Firouzophrynus appears to render Duttaphrynus paraphyletic, at least as suggested by the trees provided by Van Bocxlaer, Biju, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009, BMC Evol. Biol., 9 (e131): 1–10, and Portik and Papenfuss, 2015, BMC Evol. Biol., 15 (152): 9. Nevertheless, the name is available for the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group, which appears to the be the sister taxon of remaining Duttaphrynus (DRF). See comment under Firouzophrynus. Ali, Bukhari, Ayub, Qadir, Hussain, Masood, Akhtar, Alam, Nawaz, and Javid, 2024, J. Wildl. Biodivers., Arak, 8: 389–402, provided genetically-confirmed records from Punjab, Pakistan. 

Contained taxa (23 sp.):

Duttaphrynus beddomii (Günther, 1876)
Duttaphrynus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802)
Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937)
Duttaphrynus chandai Das, Chetia, Dutta, and Sengupta, 2013
Duttaphrynus crocus (Wogan, Win, Thin, Lwin, Shein, Kyi, and Tun, 2003)
Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther, 1864)
Duttaphrynus kiphirensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
Duttaphrynus kotagamai (Fernando and Dayawansa, 1994)
Duttaphrynus mamitensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
Duttaphrynus manipurensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)
Duttaphrynus microtympanum (Boulenger, 1882)
Duttaphrynus mizoramensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
Duttaphrynus nagalandensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)
Duttaphrynus noellerti (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 1998)
Duttaphrynus parietalis (Boulenger, 1882)
Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider, 1799)
Duttaphrynus silentvalleyensis (Pillai, 1981)
Duttaphrynus stuarti (Smith, 1929)
Duttaphrynus sumatranus (Peters, 1871)
Duttaphrynus totol (Ohler, 2010)
Duttaphrynus valhallae (Meade-Waldo, 1909)
Duttaphrynus wokhaensis (Mathew and Sen, 2009)

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